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Flashcards

AS Psychology Unit One

PSYCHGIRL Psychology AS Level English 117 cards

Cards in this deck (117)

  1. 1Which three separate stores does Atkinson and Shiffrin's Multi-Store Memory Model consist of?1) Sensory Memory
    2) Short term Memory
    3) Long Term Memory
  2. 2What has research into the Multi Store Model focussed on?-Encoding
    -Capacity
    -Duration
  3. 3How does information pass through the multi store model?In a fixed linear sequence being recoded as it passes through each one
  4. 4Which modality specific stores is sensory memory made up of?-Iconic
    -Echoic
    -Haptic
  5. 5How did Sperling test iconic memory in 1960?Presenting participants with a grid of letters for 50 milliseconds
    He found that people could retain four items for up to one second
  6. 6How is information registered and retained in sensory memory?Passively registered
    Retained in an unprocessed form
  7. 7What technique did Jacob devise to measure to capacity of STM in 1887?The Digit Span Technique
  8. 8Using the Digit Span Technique, how many item did Jacob discover the capacity of STM to be?Seven
    (The Magic Number Seven)
  9. 9How could more digits be remembered?By chunking them into memorable dates, taking up less 'slots' in STM
  10. 10Why did Simon (1974) question the notion of a 'chunk'?Because more smaller chunks could be retained than larger chunks
  11. 11What is forgetting in STM due to?Displacement
    (new information displaces information already stored)
  12. 12How did Bower and Winzenz (1969) find that LTM affected STM?Digit strings repeated in an immediate series were being gradually rehearsed and registered into the LTM
  13. 13How does reading aloud affect the capacity of STM?Baddeley suggests this is because the digits are stored briefly in the echoic store, strengthening the memory trace.
  14. 14What did Naveh-Benjamin and Ayres find out about pronounciation time and STM?Digit span was less for Arabic speakers because their digits take longer to pronounce
  15. 15How can individual differences affect STM capacity?Highly anxious people appear to have shorter spans (Macleod and Donnellan, 1993)
  16. 16Which three factors affect the duration of STM?-Intention to recall
    -Amount of info to be recalled
    -Rehearsal
  17. 17What did Conrad (1964) discover about encoding in STM?In STM tasks, participants made acoustic errors even when letters were presented visually. This shows that STM encoded acoustically.
  18. 18How can forgetting occur in Long Term Memory?When similar types of information are stored causing confusion, this is known as interference.
  19. 19What did Bahrick et al find about the capacity of LTM?That participants could remember class mates names, with the cue of pictures, up to 34 years after graduation.
  20. 20What did Bahrick and Hall find when testing LTM for geometry and algebra?People who had only taken classes in secondary school showed steady decline in their recall accuracy over the years while students who had taken a higher course in maths showed high levels of accurate recall as much as 55 years later
  21. 21What did Bahrick (1987) find when looking at the pattern of learning in LTM?People who had learned Spanish over spaced sessions retained vocabulary longer than those who had learnt Spanish in intense sessions.
  22. 22What evidence did Baddeley find that LTM encodes semantically?Participants performing LTM task made more errors when recalling semantically similar words (eg. big and huge) than when recalling lists of dissimilar ones
  23. 23What evidence is there that STM and LTM are two distinct stores?Using tasks where participants are given words and allowed to recall them in any order. Words at the beginning and end of the list are retained well but those in the middle are often lost. This is because they start to rehearse the words at the beginning until the capacity of STM is full, these words have been processed into the LTM (primacy effect). Words at the end of the list are still active in the STM (recency effect)
  24. 24Outline Glanzer and Cunitz's support for two separate storesGave participants a distractor task after presentation of a word list. They prevented rehearsal of the last few items. After the task the primacy part remained unaffected while the recency part was lost. The fact that researchers can manipulate one memory store while leaving the other intact provides support of two separate stores.
  25. 25Outline the study of Milner, and it's support for two distinct stores of memory.Underwent surgery to have his hippocampus removed on both sides to cure his epilepsy. It left him with severe anterograde amnesia. His short term memory was left in tact so he could retain information for around 15 seconds. He couldn't transfer it to LTM,or if he could, he could not retrieve it.
  26. 26How did Squire support the distinction between LTM and STM?By using PET scans to show that the prefrontal cortex is active during STM tasks while the hippocampus is active during LTM.
  27. 27How does Shallice and Warrington's study of KF provide criticism of the multi-store memory model?KF suffered brain damage in a motorcycling accident which severely impaired his STM but left his LTM intact. The multi-store memory model would predict that this could not happen since all information in LTM must pass through STM first.
  28. 28How did Runckin provide criticism of the multi-store model of memory?He found that participants brain activity when recalling words or pseudowords was different. Evidently, when processing words they were activating information stored in LTM. This suggests that LTM must be activated before certain stages of STM processing can occur.
  29. 29Another criticism of the multi-store model is that the role of rehearsal is overstated. How did Craik and Lockhart find information is better retained in LTM?When it is processed semantically (by meaning)
  30. 30What is a 'flashbulb memory'? (Brown and Kulik)A memory for an event that is highly emotionally charged or significant and so is imprinted in the LTM with little effort to remember taking place.
  31. 31What is one advantage and one disadvantage of most of the work on the multi store model being laboratory based?A = Good control of variables, ensures the research can be replicated increasing reliability
    D = Lack of ecological validity, tasks include things that participants would not normally do in real life
  32. 32Outline Baddeley and Hitch's Working Memory ModelShort term memory is a working memory with subcomponents designed to perform a series of different functions.
    STM is an active store used to hold information from both SM and LTM whilst it is being manipulated.It consists of the central executive, visuo-sketchpad and the phonological loop.
  33. 33Outline the central executiveIs involved in all tasks requiring attention. Allocates resources to the other stores and acts as the controller for working memory.
  34. 34Outline the visuo-spatial sketchpadThe inner eye. Holds visual information such as size, shape and colour. It consists of two subcomponents; an active rehearsal mechanism called the inner scribe which is linked to a passive visual store called the visual cache
  35. 35Outline the phonological loopInner voice. Holds verbal information in speech based form. Has two subcomponents: an active articulatory loop which maintains auditory information by sub-vocal repetition and a passive storage system known as the phonological store.
  36. 36What evidence is there that we cannot perform two tasks simultaneously that require the same processing system?Baddeley found that participants could not correctly identify top or bottom angles of imagines capital letters while performing a light tracking task since both tasks used the visuospatial sketchpad, however they had no trouble with the tracking task at the same time as performing a verbal task
  37. 37What did Bunge find that supports the idea the central executive works harder to allocate resources in dual-task conditions?Greater activity in the prefrontal cortex when performing two working memory task than when performing only one
  38. 38Name three advantages of the working memory model.1) It explains our ability to carry out tasks such as mental arithmetic, by holding information both from sensory memory (the sum) and long term memory (the knowledge of how to solve it)
    2) It offer a new interpretation to the study of KF. He had damage to just the verbal part of his STM which is why he could still retain information that was presented visually
    3) Has had useful applications in real life, phonological loop deficit has been linked as an underlying factor in children with dyslexia
  39. 39List three disadvantages of the working memory model.1) The central executive has been difficult to investigate. It's exact role remains unclear
    2) Does not offer a complete understanding of how memory works and does little to explain the role of LTM activation in processing information but it is being updates all the time in the light of new findings
    3) Much of the work into this model uses laboratory studies which are well controlled and produce reliable results however, they lack ecological validity and do not represent memory in everyday life
  40. 40Outline Loftus and Palmers experiment into how leading questions can bias a witness's answers (1974)-Showed participants a film of a car accident and then ask them how fast the cars were going when they hit each other.
    -The word 'hit' was replaced with 'smashed', 'collided', 'bumped' or 'contacted'.
    -The findings showed that the word used in questioning affected the estimations of the speed given by the participants.
    -Smashed = highest
    -Contacted = lowest
  41. 41Why did Yuille and Cutshall's 13 witnesses to a real crime in which a shop owner was wounded and a robber shot dead give accurate accounts months after the event, with misleading questions having no effect?-They were more emotionally affected
    -Loftus and Palmers participants were more prepared
  42. 42What is 'source misattribution?People given post-event information that is not consistent with their original memory get confused as to where they encountered each item.
    Loftus believed this is because the memory is deleted and replaced with a new memory/
  43. 43What makes somebody more prone to source misattribution errors?-People with poorer general recall
    -People who score highly on tests of empathy and imagery vividness
  44. 44Name three criticisms of Loftus' studies into misleading information.- They are too artificial
    -Participants in experiments may be less accurate than real life witnesses because they know that inaccuracies will not lead to serious consequences
    -Loftus often used forced choice tests which provide inaccurate findings
  45. 45What is a schema?Information stored about situations that can be accessed to help make sense of new, similar situations.
    eg. a restaurant schema or office schema
  46. 46How did Brewer and Treyens investigate the effects of schema on visual memory?Asked participants to wait in an office like room, containing 61 objects some of which were consistent with an office scheme and so which were not, for 35 seconds. Objects included a desk, typewriter and a skull.
    In an unexpected recall test, participants were more likely to recall items consistent with an office schema.
    They found most recall areas were of participants recalling schema-consistent items that were not actually present (pens, telephone)
  47. 47How did List apply schemas to eye witness testimony?-Asked people to rate the probability of event in a shoplifting scenario
    -Showed a video with the events incorporated into it to a new set of participants
    -One week later they were more likely to recall the events rated as high probability
  48. 48How did Loftus look into the weapons effect?Procedure:
    Exposed to one of two conditions:
    1. Overheard a low key discussion in a lab about an equipment failure. A person them emerged from the laboratory holding a pen in grease covered hands.
    2. Overheard a heated and hostile debate between people in the lab. After the sound of breaking glass and crashing chairs. A man came out of the lab holding a paper knife covered in blood.
    Participants were then asked to recall the person from 50 photos.
    Findings:
    49% correctly recalled the confederate from 50 photos in the condition where the person emerged holding a pen in greasy hands.
    whereas
    33% correctly recalled the confederate from 50 photos when the person emerged holding a paper knife covered in blood.
    Conclusion:
    This demonstrated the 'weapon focused phenomenon' as the participants focused on the weapon and were less likely to recall the person accurately.
    It was concluded that a weapon focuses the attention and narrows the focus of attention, resulting in accurate central details but
  49. 49How did Loftus and Barns use video footage to look into the weapons effect?-Participants saw either a film of a violent in which a boy was shot in the face or a non violent version
    -Those who had seen the violent version were less accurate in recall
  50. 50What study did not provide support for Loftus' findings into the weapons effect?Christianson and Hubinette questioned 110 witness of a genuine bank robbery, some had been directly threatened during the robbery.
    They found that victims gave accurate recall of the event and remembered more details than onlookers, superior recall was evident even after 15 months.
    This suggests that it is easier to recall real life stressful events
  51. 51What reason do Ceci and Bruck believe children are less accurate in providing EWT than adults?They lack the appropriate schemas
    (Although it does mean they are not susceptible to 'seeing' things that are consistent with a schema but not actually there)
  52. 52Outline Poole and Lindsays study into retrieval in children of 3 and 8.-Children incorporated elements of a story read to them by their parents into a science demonstration they watched earlier.
    -When asked about the source of the information, older children were able to remove post-event items.
    -This suggests that the younger a child, the more susceptible they are to misleading post event information.
  53. 53How did Yarney find out that elderly people are more prone to errors of recall?When asked questions about a staged event, 80% of elderly people compared to 20% of younger adults failed to mention that the attacker had a knife in his hand.
  54. 54What four tactics are used in the cognitive interview?1) To recreate the context of the original incident
    2) To report every detail even if it seems to have no bearing on the crime
    3) To recall the event in different orders
    4) To recall the event from somebody elses perspective
  55. 55What support did Fisher find for the cognitive interview?Detectives in Miami were trained to use the cognitive interview with real crime witnesses. They found a significant increase in the amount of information recalled.
  56. 56Outline Kebbels study which did not provide support for the cognitive interviewFound widespread use of the cognitive interview in the UK. Officers generally found it useful but expressed concern about the amount of incorrect recall generated and the amount of time it too to conduct.
  57. 57Paivio found that concrete nouns were better recalled than abstract ones, Why did he think this was?It was due to the dual-coding hypothesis where concrete nouns are encoded twice, first using verbal code and then using a visual image.
  58. 58How did Bene and Moe find that visual imagery helped memory?Help memory when informations is presented verbally because a visual image can be conjured while holding the word in the articulatory loop.
  59. 59Outline Tulving and Thompson's encoding specificity principleWhen we acquire memories we encode them with links to the context we were in at the time, thus the context becomes a retrieval cue which can help recall information.
  60. 60Which study of Godden and Baddeley supports the encoding specificity principle?-Asked diver to learn a list of 40 unrelated word either on land or 15 feet under water
    -Later, half recalled in their original setting while the other recalled in the other context.
    -The participants recalling in their original context could recall more words.
    This must be because cues in their original setting were available to them and not to the other group.
  61. 61How did Smith's basement experiment provide support for the encoding specificity principle?-Gave participants a list of 80 words to learn whilst sitting in a distinctive basement.
    -The following day he tested some participants in the same basement, some in an upstairs room and then another group in an upstairs room but he told them to imagine they were in the basement.
    -Basement group = best recall
    -Imaginary basement group = second best recall
    -Upstairs room = worst recall
  62. 62What evidence is there that physiological state or mood can affect recall?Goodwin et al found that heavy drinkers who learn things in a drunken state are more likely to recall them when in a similar state
  63. 63According the Craik and Lockhart, on what three levels can in information?-Structural - what does it look like?
    -Phonological - what does it sound like?
    -Semantic - waht does it mean?
    They argued that processing information semantically was deep processing and that it lead to better retention
  64. 64Outline Craik and Lockhart's study into the effect of levels of processing-Gave participants a list of words to which they had to answer questions requiring shallow, medium or deep processing.
    -They then gave participants a surprise recall task, words related to deep processing were best remembered.
    -This also shows that learning is incidental, the participants remembered as well as a group who made an effort to remember
  65. 65Why did Tyler et al question the notion of level of processing?They believed that the semantic tasks required more effort and that it was the effort required in processing the information which improved recall.
  66. 66How did Tyler et al test their theory that effort in processing affected recall?Gave participants either a difficult or easy anagram to solve.
    When given an unexpected recall test, they found significantly more words form the difficult anagram were recalled despite ALL words being processed semantically.
  67. 67What four behaviours did Maccoby identify as demonstrating attachment in young children?-Seeking proximity
    -Distress on separation
    -Pleasure when reunited
    -General orientation towards the caregiver
  68. 68Outline the learning theory-Based on operant and classical conditioning
    Operant - Child crying is negatively reinforcing so they attend to the baby which is positive reinforcement of r the baby so they use it again
    Classical - Milk (US) produces pleasure (UR) so the person who feeds the baby becomes associated (CS) with the milk so the baby feels secondary pleasure in the presence of the person (CR)
  69. 69How did Skinner use rats to demonstrate operant conditioning?-Skinner box (level = food) is positive reinforcement
    -Electrified cage (buzzer sounds before shock so animal learn to move to other side of cage) is negative reinforcement
  70. 70How did Pavlov use dogs to demonstrate classical conditioning?-Noticed the dogs in his lab salivated when they heard footsteps approaching with food
    -Food = US
    -Salivation = UR
    -Sound of footsteps = CS
    Salivation upon sound of footsteps = CR
  71. 71What evidence did Schaffner and Emerson find to not support the learning theory of attachment?-Fewer than half of the infants they observed had a preferred primary attachment with who fed them and took care of their needs.
    (Learning theory does not explain why children become attached to abusive and neglectful parents)
  72. 72Outline Harlow and Zimmerman's study into the learning theory on Rhesus monkeys.-Infant taken from mother shortly after birth
    -Placed in cage with a wire mother with feeding bottle and a terry toweling mother without a feeding bottle
    -All monkeys preferred the soft mother only leaving briefly to feed from wire mother
    -Babies would only explore with soft mother in the room
    -They would hide under soft mother when scared
    -This suggests the need to keep proximity to a tactile comfort mother figure is the main factor in attachment
  73. 73Outline Bowlby's theory of attachment-Based on the work of Konrad lorenz who found that greylag geese have evolved to 'imprint' on the first thing it sees.
    -Bowlby believed infants have an innate drive to become attached
    -A child may have many attachments but have a tendency to seek out one primary attachment figure (monotropy)
    -Babies are born with 'social releasers' designed to make parents want to care for them
    -Attachment formed by a child gives an internal blueprint on which all future relationships would be based (continuity hypothesis)
    -Attachment must happen within an optimal window called the 'sensitive period' which was the first three years of life
  74. 74Which adaptive behaviours in children support Bowlby's ideas?-Intense stranger fear - protects from predators and is usually strongest from 9-18 months
    -Seeking proximity/separation anxiety - especially before the child can walk
  75. 75What four behaviours did Ainsworth measure in her 'strange situation' experiment?- General orientation to the mother
    -Stranger anxiety
    -Separation anxiety
    -Behaviour towards mother on reunion
  76. 76Which 8 steps does Ainsworth's strange situations consist of?1) Mother and infant enter the room. Mother sits in one of the chairs and reads a magazine, the child is free to explore the toys
    2) After about three minutes, a stranger enters, sits on the second chair and talks briefly with the mother
    3) The stranger approaches the infant and attempts to interact with them
    4) Mother leaves the room so the infant is alone with the stranger. The stranger comforts the baby if they are upset and offers to play with them
    5) After around three minutes the stranger leaves as the mother returns
    6) Three minutes later mother departs again leaving the infant briefly alone in the room
    7) The stranger re-enters and offers to comfort and play with the infant
    8) The mother returns and the stranger leaves
  77. 77What three types of attachment did Ainsworth identify in the infants she studied?Type B - Secure (70%)
    Type A - Insecure Avoidant (15%)
    Type C - Insecure Ambivalent (15%)
  78. 78How did the secure children act?Children generally orientated towards their mother. Used her as a secure base to explore the room and brought toys to show her. They became distressed when the mother left, showed joy when she returned and were easily comforted by her. They were wary of the stranger
  79. 79How did the insecure avoidant children act?They ignored their mother and played with the toys alone. They showed some distress at her departure but did not want comfort from her when she returned. They also rejected comfort from the stranger.
  80. 80How did the insecure ambivalent children act?They were clingy to their mother, showed extreme distress when she left but when she returned, although they seemed to want her close (putting out their arms to be picked up) they seemed to be angry and rejected her attempts to comfort them. Showed fear of the stranger.
  81. 81Name three criticisms of Ainsworth's study.1) It lacks ecological validity as is unlike any real life situation (some argue this, stating it is similar to being left with a baby sitter)
    2) It's unethical as the babies become distressed
    3) Lacking in population validity, the results cannot be generalised to infants in other parts of the world. (infants from middle class america)
  82. 82What is the 'sensitivity hypothesis' (Ainsworth)It states that sensitive mothers have securely attached children
  83. 83How does the mother's behaviour affect the child's attachment type?Secure - mothers understand their needs and are consistently good at meeting them
    Insecure Avoidant - Mothers ignore them
    Insecure Ambivalent - Mothers are both at times neglectful and then over fussy
  84. 84What is the 'temperament hypothesis'?Kagan 1982, suggested that children with a secure attachment were already naturally easy and friendly to care for
  85. 85Outline the findings of Kroonenberg and VanIjzendorn's meta analysis of attachment in eight different countries.The country with the highest % of type A is west Germany
    The country with the highest % of type C is Israel
    The country with the highest % of type B is Britain
  86. 86Differences between cultures are often related to child-rearing styles. Explain this using Germany and Japan as examples.Germany is an individualist culture and would view our 'secure' as weak,clingy behaviour
    Japan is a collectivist culture, parents have grandparents help with child rearing. Japanese infants tend to show an extreme fear of strangers.
  87. 87Name two criticisms of Kroonenberg and Van Ijzendoorn meta analysisDifferences within culture were greater than differences between cultures
    27 of the 32 samples used were from individualist and only five were collectivist so can not be representative worldwide.
  88. 88What is Bowlby's 'maternal deprivation' hypothesis?That disruption from a continuous relationship between a child and it's mother/mother substitute before the first five years could put the child at risk of future mental health problems.
  89. 89What did Bowlby's '44 juvenile thieves' have what he termed 'affectionless psychopathy'40% of them had been separated from their mothers for six months or more before they were five years old.
  90. 90Outline Rene Spitz and Katherine Wolf's prison baby study.-Looked at 123 babies of unmarried mothers in prison.
    -After nine months babies were taken from their mothers to a prison nursery where the babies cried more, lost their appetite and failed to gain weight
    -When returned to their mothers their conditions improved to how they were before the separation.
  91. 91Outline James and Joyce Robertson's PDD model, using the case of John. (Protest-despair-detachment model)-For the first few days Jon protested and tried to obtain attention
    -When this failed he showed distress, he tried to make attachments to the nurses but couldn't as a different person would care for him at different parts of the day
    -After a few days, John's condition became despair. He cried constantly and refused food He had difficulty sleeping.
    -He showed less interest in the nurses or even his father when he came to visit.
    -When his mother came to collect his he ignored her and refused her comfort.
  92. 92How did the PDD model affect Jong long term?-Robertsonx2 noted that he carried a 'nub of anxiety'
    -He worried when his mother went out and wanted to know when she would be back
    -He wouldn't sleep without a light on
  93. 93What are some long term effects of separation anxiety?-Lower levels of academic achievement
    -Low self esteem
    -Higher incident of conduct disorder
    -Early social maturity
    -A higher frequency of depression
    -More distant relationship in adulthood with parents and other relatives
  94. 94What are some criticisms of Bowlby's 'maternal deprivation'-Oversimplified , it is necessary to look at other factors such as the strength of the bond before separation, home circumstances and reason for the separation.
    -He failed to distinguish between maternal deprivation and privation
  95. 95What is 'privation'?Where a child has made no bond at all with their caregiver. This has serious consequences for the child's later emotional and cognitive development.
  96. 96How does the age of a child at the time of separation affect their reaction?Schaffner and Callender found that children under 7 months old suffered minimal upset while the most severe reaction was in 18 month olds.
    (Related to ability to understand that care-give will return)
  97. 97How does the type of attachment at the time of separation affect the child reaction?A securely attached child is more likely to cope with short separations than a child with insecure ambivalent attachment.
    Securely attached children believe the care-give will return.
  98. 98How does the sex of a child affect the reaction to separation?Boys respond more strongly to separation than girls although there are wide differences within as well as between the sexes.
  99. 99Susan curtiss studied the case of Genie and Koluchova studied the case of twin Czechoslovakian boys. All three suffered privation but the twin boys went on to make successful attachment bonds, improved more in their intellectual development and lead normal lives. Why was this?-They were not isolated until 18 months of age
    -They had eachother to bond with
    -They were removed from privation earlier than Genie was
    -Genie may have been mentally disabled from birth
  100. 100What are some ethical issues regarding case study research of children?-Often intrusive, follow children for many years
    -Concerns over informed consent, children may be too damaged to give it
    -Researchers must be careful not to exploit children
  101. 101What are some methodological issues regarding case study research of children?-Retrospective, often best guess to a child past
    -Hard to know all factors involved in the child's condition
  102. 102What are some methodological issues regarding institutional studies?-'Dropouts' in longitudinal studies mean that the final sample is not representative of the original group
    -Is a natural experiment, not much control
  103. 103What are some ethical issues regarding institutional studies?-Sensitive issue, researchers must not pressure children and families
    -Must impartial and non-judgemental
  104. 104What is 'disinhibited attachment'?A child that shows no fear of strangers and seeks attention from anyone. Most common in institutionalised children
  105. 105How did Dontas show the importance of good quality of care for institutionalised children?Studied a Greek orphanage where each child had a carer to look after them specifically and had formed an attachment with them.
    Two weeks after adoption they had already started to form an attachment with their new parents and had adjusted well.
  106. 106What three factors affect the effect of privation?Age when removed - children older than 11-12 are far less likely to form language skills
    Quality of care after privation - Tizard and Hodges found that children restored to their own parents were not as strongly attached as those who were adopted, could be due to quality of parenting.
    Later life experiences - Quinton and Rutter found that women who had been in care as children, but who had positive later life experiences (such as good schools and relationships) fared better than those who did not.
  107. 107Outline Nursery based care.Parents are entitled to free nursery places for children aged three and above. They are staffed by trained workers. It may be attached to a primary school and have use of school facilities. They are inspected by Ofsted and required to plan activities.
  108. 108Outline family based care.Registered childminders: cared for in childminders house, inspected by Ofsted and required to plan activities
    -Nanny: an employee who cares for the child in the child's own home
    -Informal arrangements: unpaid, little systematic research
  109. 109What did Anderson find out about the effects of daycare on social development?That children who attended day care were more sociable and better able to get along with peers than those who did not attend day care.
  110. 110What did Schindler, Moely and Frank find out about the effects of day care of social development?That children who spend time in daycare play more pro-socially.
  111. 111What did DiLilla find out about the effect of day care of social development?That children spending time in day care were less cooperative and that they got worse the longer they spent there.
  112. 112Suggest a reason for contradictory result into the effect of day care on social development.Most studies examine the quantity rather than the quality of day care.
  113. 113Outline Campbell, Lamb and Hwang's study into the effects of daycare on social development.-Studied a group of children from Sweden daycare (attended continuously from 18 months - 3 1/2 years)
    -Nine attended family based daycare, 30 attended nursery with nine more switching from FBC to NC.
    -They were compared with a group of children whose parents had not been able to obtain childcare placements.
    -At 18 months they were visited at home and their standard of care was measured with Cadwell's HOME inventory. They were assessed while playing with peers.
    -Once they started daycare they were visited there and observed playing with other children for 30 minutes. This gave researchers a baseline condition to see how socially skilled the children already were.
    -They were assessed at home and daycare again at 2 1/2 and 3 1/2 years old.
    -At age 6 1/2 their social competence was assessed by asking the care provider to describe the child's social skills
    -AT age 8 1/2 their teachers were asked to give their perception of the child's social behaviour
    -At 15 they were visited at home and asked to complete to self-report measurements of social development.
  114. 114What were Campbell, Hwang and Lamb's findings?-Children who spent long sessions in daycare were less pro-social than those who spent shorter sessions.
    -Children who experienced high quality care were more socially competent.
    -Social competence seemed to be stable (3 1/2 correlating with 15)
    They concluded that short sessions of good quality daycare has a positive effect on children's social development.
  115. 115What are some strengths of Campbell, Lamb and Hwangs study and one weaknessStrengths:
    -Can observe long term effects
    -Baseline taken, so later comparison is valid
    -Range of measure used increases validity
    Weakness:
    -Conducted in Sweden where there is a lot of funding available for child care so it cannot be generalised.
  116. 116What negative effects of daycare did Belsky find?Children tend to be more aggressive, perhaps because they fight over toys and adult attention.
    Children are more aggressive to peers as they grow older and less obedient to authority figures.
  117. 117What six factors make a positive daycare?-Key workers
    -Appropriate child: carer ratio
    -Small group sizes
    -Well trained staff
    -Low staff turnover
    -Well structured day with activities and time for free play

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AS Level Psychology Flashcards on AS Psychology Unit One , created by PSYCHGIRL on 12/04/2015.
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