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hlk_91298 Psychology English 126 cards

Cards in this deck (126)

  1. 121*1 MemoryThe persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
  2. 221*2 RecallA measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier as on a fill-in-the-blank test
  3. 321*3 RecognitionA measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test
  4. 421*4 RelearningA measure of memory that assesses the amount f time saved when learning material
  5. 521*5 encodingthe processing of information into the memory stem- for example by extracting meaning
  6. 621*6 StorageThe retention of encoded information over time
  7. 721*7 Retrievalthe process of getting information out of the memory
  8. 821*8 Sensory memoryThe immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
  9. 921*9 Short-term memoryactivated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
  10. 1021*10 Long Term memoryThe relatively permanent and limitless store-house of the memory stem. includes knowledge, skills and experiences.
  11. 1121*10 Working memorya newer understand of the short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-special information and of information retrieved from long term memory
  12. 1221*11 Explicit memorymemory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare. also called declarative memory
  13. 1321*12 effortful processingencoding that requires attention and conscious effdort.
  14. 1421*13 Automatic processingunconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time and frequency and of well-learned information such as word meanings.
  15. 1521*14 implicit memoryretention independent of conscious recollection also called non-declarative memory
  16. 1621*15 Iconic memorya momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more that a few tenths of a second
  17. 1721*16 Echoic memorya momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli if attention is elsewhere sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or4 seconds
  18. 1821*17 Chunkingorganizing items into familiar manageable units; often occurs automatically
  19. 1921*18 mnemonicsmemory aids especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
  20. 2021*19 spacing effectsThe tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention that is achieved through massed study or practice.
  21. 2121*20 Testing effectenhanced memory after retrieving rather than simply rereading, Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning
  22. 2221*21 Shallow processingencoding on a basic level base on the structure or appearance of the words.
  23. 2321*22 deep processingencoding semantically, based on the meaning of words tends to yield the best retention
  24. 2422*01 hippocampusa neural center located in the limbic system, helps process explicit memories for storage
  25. 2522*02 implicit memoryretention independent of conscious recollection also called non-declarative memory
  26. 2622*03 storagethe retention of encoded information over time
  27. 2722*04 Retrievalthe process of getting information out of the memory
  28. 2822*05 Flash bulb memorya clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
  29. 2922*06 long term potentiation (LTP)an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief rapid stimulation. believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
  30. 3022*07 primingthe activation, often unconsciously of particular associations in memory
  31. 3122*08 mood congruent memoryThe tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.
  32. 3222*09 Contextual dependent memoryputting yourself back in the context where you experienced something can prime your memory retrieval
  33. 3322*10 Serial position effectour tendency to recall best the last and first items on a list
  34. 3423*01 anterograde amnesiaan inability to form new memories
  35. 3523*02 retrograde amnesiathe inability to retrieve information from one's past
  36. 3623*03 proactive interferencethe disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
  37. 3723*04 retroactive interferencethe disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
  38. 3823*05 Repressionthe psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings or memories
  39. 3923*06 misinformation effectincorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
  40. 4023*07 Source amnesiaAttributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced heard about or imagined source amnesia along with misinformation can lead to false memories
  41. 4123*08 deja vuthat eerie sense that I've experienced this before. cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier event experienced.
  42. 4212/01 cross-sectional studyA study in which people of different ages are compared with one another
  43. 4312/02 longitudinal studyh in which the same people are restudied and retested over long period
  44. 4412/03 menopausethe time of natural cessation of menstruation also refer to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines
  45. 4511/01 emerging adulthoodfor some people in modern cultures a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood
  46. 4611/02 identityour sense of self according to Erikson the adolescents task is to solidify a sense of itself by testing and integrating various roles.
  47. 4711/03 Social Identitythe We aspect of our self concept the part of our answer to who am I that comes from our group memberships
  48. 4811/04 IntimacyIn Erikson theory the ability to form close loving relationships a primary developmental task in the late adolescence and early adulthood
  49. 4910/01 Basic trustaccording to Erik Erikson a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregiver
  50. 5010/2 imprintingthe process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
  51. 5110/02 temperamenta person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.
  52. 5210/03 stranger anxietya newly emerging ability to evaluate people as unfamiliar and possibly threatening helps protect babies 8 months and older
  53. 5310/05 formal operational stageIn Piaget's theory, the state of cognitive development
    normally beginning about age 12 during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
  54. 5410/6 attachmentan emotional tie with another person shown in young children by seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress in seperation
  55. 5510/7 preoperational stagein Piaget's theory the stage from 2-7 years of age during which a child learns to use language but does not comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
  56. 5610/8 conservationthe principle which piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
  57. 5710/9 EgocentrismIn Piaget's theory the preoperational child's difficulty taking another point of view
  58. 5810/10 theory of the mindPeople's idea about their own and other's mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behavior these might predict
  59. 5910/11 Concrete operational stageIn Piaget's theory the stage of cognitive development from 6-11 years during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
  60. 6010/12 Schemaa concept or frame work that organizes and interprets information
  61. 6110/13 Assimilationinterpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
  62. 6210/14 Sensorimotor stagein Piaget's theory, the stage from birth to 2 years of age during which infants know the world mostly in term of their sensory impression and motor activities.
  63. 6310-15 object performancethe awareness that thing continue to exist even when not perceived
  64. 6410/16 maturationBiological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior relatively uninfluenced by experience.
  65. 6510/17 Critical periodan optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposed to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development
  66. 6610/18 cognitionall the mental activities associate with thinking, knowing, remembering. and communication
  67. 6710/19 Maturationbiological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior relatively uninfluenced by experience
  68. 6810/20 Critical periodan optimal period early in life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal develpment
  69. 699/1 habitationdecreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner
  70. 709/2 zygotethe fertilized egg, it enters in to a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into and embryo
  71. 719/3 embryothe developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month
  72. 729/4 Fetusthe developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
  73. 739/5 teratogensliterally monster maker agents such as toxins, chemicals, and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
  74. 749/5 Fetal alcohol syndromephysical and cognitive abnormalities I children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. in some cases, symptom include noticeable facial misproportions.
  75. 759/6 THCthe major active ingredients in marijuana triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucianations
  76. 768/2 methamphetaminepowerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes over time appears to reduce base line dopamine
  77. 778/3 ecstasya synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen, produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin producing neurons and t mood and cognition
  78. 788/4 halluciogenspsychedelic mind manifesting drugs such as LSD that can distort perceptions an evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
  79. 798/5 near death experiencean altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death such as through cardiac arrest often similar to drug induced hallucinations.
  80. 808/6 stimulantsdrugs such as caffeine nicotine and the more powerful amphetamines cocaine, ecstasy, and methamphetamines that excite the neural activity and speed up the body functions
  81. 818/7 nicotinea stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco
  82. 828/8 barbituratesdrugs that depress the central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment
  83. 838/9 opiatesopium an its derivatives, such as morphine or heroin; they depress neural activity temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
  84. 848/10 depressantsdrugs such as alcohol barbiturates and opiates that reduce neural activity and slow body functions
  85. 858/11 alcohol dependencepopularity known as alcoholism alcohol use marked by tolerance withdrawal if suspended and a drive to continue use
  86. 868/11 withdrawalthe discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug
  87. 878/12 physical dependencea physiological need for a drug marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptom when the drug is discontinued
  88. 888/13 Psychological dependencea psychological need to use a drug such as to relieve negative emotions
  89. 898/14 psychoactive druga chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood
  90. 908/15 tolerancewith repeated use, achieving the desired effect requires larger doses
  91. 918/16 addictioncompulsive drug craving and use despite adverse consequences
  92. 927/1 dissociationa split consciousness which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others
  93. 937/2 posthypnotic suggestiona suggestion made during a hypnosis session to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized used b some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors
  94. 947/3 hypnosisa social interaction in which one person the hypnotist suggest to another the subject that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
  95. 956/1 REM reboundthe tendency for rem sleep to increase following rem sleep deprivation created by repeated awakenings during rem sleep
  96. 966/2 manifest contentaccording to Freud the remembered story line of a dream as distinct from its latent, or hidden content
  97. 976/3 latent contentaccording to Freud the underlying meaning of a dream as distinct from it manifest content
  98. 986/4 narcolepsya sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks the sufferer may lapse directly into rem sleep often at inopportune times
  99. 996/5 sleep apneaa sleep disorder characterized by a temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awarkenings
  100. 1006/6 night terrorsa sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and n appearance of being terrified unlike nightmares night terrors occur during nrem-3sleep within tow or three hours of falling to sleep and are seldom remembered
  101. 1016/6 dreama sequence of images, emotions and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. Dreams are notable or their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities and incongruities and for the dreamers delusional acceptance of the content
  102. 1026/7 Insomniathe recurring problems with falling asleep
  103. 1036/8 REM sleeprapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage were which vivid dreams occur also known as paradoxical sleep because the muscles are relaxed but other body systems are active
  104. 1046/9 Alpha wavesthe relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed awake state
  105. 1056/10 Sleepperiodic, natural loss of consciousness as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation.
  106. 1066/11 hallucinationsfalse sensory experiences such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual experience
  107. 1076/12 Delta wavesthe large slow boring waves associated with deep sleep
  108. 1086/12 Change blindnessfailing to notice changes in the environment
  109. 1096/13 Circadian Rhythmthe biological clock regular bodily rhythms for example of tempeture and wakefulness that occur on a 24 hr cycle
  110. 1106/14 Selective attentionthe focusing of conciseness awareness on a particular stimulus
  111. 1116/15 inattentional blindnessfailing to see visual objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
  112. 1126/16 Dual processingthe principle that information is often simultaneously processed on a separate consciences and unconsciousness track
  113. 1136/17 Blind sighta condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciencously experiencing it
  114. 1146/18 Consciousnessour awareness of ourselves and our enviroment
  115. 1156/19 cognitive neurosciencethe interdisplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition including perception, thinking memory and language
  116. 1165/1 mutationa random error in gene replication that leads to a change
  117. 1175/2 evolutionary psychologythe study of the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of natural selection
  118. 1185/3 natural selectionthe principle that among the range of inherited trait variations those contributing toward reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generation
  119. 1195/4 interactionthe interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor such as environment depends on another factor such as heredity
  120. 1205/6 epigeneticsthe study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur with out DNA change
  121. 1215/7 environmentevery non genetic influence from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us
  122. 1225/8 behavior geneticsthe study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
  123. 1235/9 chromosomesthread like structure made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
  124. 1245/10 genesthe biochemical units of heredity that make up chromosomes segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins
  125. 1255/11 identical twinstwins who develop from a single monozygotic fertilized egg that splits in two creating two genetically identical organism
  126. 1265/12 fraternal twinstwin who develops separate dizygotic fertilized eggs they are genetically no closer than ordinary brothers and sisters but they share a fetal environment

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Psychology Flashcards on Untitled, created by hlk_91298 on 03/10/2013.
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