25421896
Description
Flashcards by Evian Chai, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Evian Chai
over 3 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Define the Immune system | A communication network of cells and chemical signals in blood and tissue. Protects against disease and regulates growth |
| What are 4 important infectious diseases in history? | The plague Influenza Smallpox TB |
| What are the two branches of immune system cells (in terms of linage), and which cells are which? | Lymphoid-B and T cells, NK cells Myeloid- dendritic cells, granulocytes, platelets, RBC, macrophage, mast cell |
| What are the two parts of the immune system? | 1. Primary lymphoid organs 2. Secondary lymphoid organs |
| What are the parts of the primary lymphoid system? What cells mature in each? | 1. Thymus (T cells) 2. Bone marrow (B cells) |
| What are secondary lymphoid organs/tissues around the body? | Tonsils/adenoids Bronchus assosiated lymphoid tissue Spleen Lymphoid nodule Lymph node Peyer's patch |
| What is the definition of immunity? | Process in humans that allows innate and acquired resistance to disease |
| What are the 4 requirements for effective immune system? | 1. Recognise infections 2. Defend selectively against noncommensals 3. Limit self damage 4. Speed |
| What are the two types of immunity? | 1. Innate immunity 2. Adaptive immunity |
| 4 steps of infection? | 1. Adherence to epithelium 2. Penetration of epithelium (local infection) invasion 3. Infection of local tissues colonisation 4. Adaptive immunity (5 Days) |
| 3 types of innate immunity barriers and examples of each? | 1. Mechanical (eg. cilia, tight junctions, air flow) 2. Chemical (fatty acids, low pH, enzymes, salivary enzymes AMP eg. defensins) 3. Microbiological (normal flora) |
| 3 pathways of the complement system? What do they achieve? | 1. Classical (antigen:antibody complexes) 2. MB-Lectin pathway (lectin binds to pathogen surface) 3. Alternative Pathway (pathogen surface) Complement activation to recruit/activate serum proteins (Anaphylatoxins C3a, C5a, C3b, and MAC C5-9) |
| C3a and C5a lead to? | Recruitment of inflammatory cells |
| C3b leads to? | Opsonization of pathogens |
| MAC (C5-9) leads to? | Killing of pathogens |
| 4 phagocytic cells and where they're found? Which are the two main ones? | 1. Neutrophil (blood) 2. Macrophage (tissue) 3. Monocytes (blood) 4. Dendritic cells (blood and tissue) |
| What recruits phagocytes to site of phagocytosis? | Chemokines and complement |
| What are two ways phagocytes bind microbes? | 1. Pattern recognition (eg. Lipopolysaccharide, nucleic acids, bacterial peptides) 2. Opsonisation |
| What are the three receptors on phagosomes? | 1. Pattern Recognition Receptor 2. C3b Receptor (Opsonisation, for phagocytes to bind to) 3. FcY Receptor (antibody) |
| Steps of phagocytosis? | 1. Phagosome recruited to site of infection via chemokines/complement 2. Binds microbe 3. Phagosome internalises microbe 4. Fusion with lysosome (phagolysosome) 5. Killing of microbe |
| How are microbes killed by phagolysosomes? | Nitrogen oxides, oxygen products |
| 4 General parts of innate immunity? | 1. Physical eg. epithelium 2. Humoral eg. antimicrobial peptides, enzymes 3. Recruitment/activation of phagosomes 4. Activate adaptive immunity |
| What are two antigen presenting cells? | 1. Langerhans 2. Dendritic |
| How do antigen presenting cells induce adaptive immunity? | 1. Processing: cells uptake antigen and digest them into peptide fragments 2. Present on MHC molecules in blood/tissues 3. To lymphatics to lymph node to activate T cells |
| Examples of AMPs in saliva? | Defensins, statins, cathelicidin |
| Internal pathogens/virus's are presented on? They are then presented to? | MHC Class I Molecules on APC cells CD8+ T cells (cytotoxic) |
| External pathogens/bacteria are presented on? They are then presented to? | MHC Class II Molecules CD4+ T cells (helper) |
| Adaptive immunity is specific to ? Mediated by? | Vertebrates Lymphocytes |
| T cells are activated in the .... in the lymph node B cells are activated in the .... in the lymph node | 1. Paracortical area 2. Germinal center |
| CD8+ T cells are ... cells and respond to ... presented on MHC... in response to ... | 1. Tc, CD8, MHC I, internal pathogens/virus 2. Th, CD4, MHC II, external pathogens/bacteria |
| What is the mechanism of Tc killing? | CD8+ T cell recognises complex with MHC Class 1 that is presenting antigen and kills cell by preforating cell with perforin and releaseing granzymes |
| What happens after CD4 T cell activation? | 1. Proliferation of naive Th0 cells 2. Diffrentation into effectors due to cytokines |
| Th1 Cellular or humoral immunity: Effect: To achieve: | Cellular Recruitment of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, Macrophages Pathogen elimination |
| Th2 Cellular or humoral immunity: Effect: To achieve: | Humoral Activates B cell Antibody production, path elimination |
| Th17 Cellular or humoral immunity: Effect: To achieve: | Cellular Recruits neutrophils Bacterial/fungal elimination |
| Treg Cellular or humoral immunity: Effect: To achieve: | Cellular Suppress/modulate IR Prevents autoimmunity |
| What are the two parts of an antibody (lgG) | Fc : constant fragment across all 5 antibodies Fab : Y shaped, specific to bind each antigen |
| When is the peak of antibody levels in blood after first exposure? | 10-20 hours |
| What do chemokines do? What do cytokines do? | 1. chemokines= recruitment 2. cytokines= activation |
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