25486134
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| Question | Answer |
| 4 classes of microorganisms? | 1. TSEs 2. Virus 3. Bacteria 4. Eukaryotic microbes eg. funghi/protozoa |
| What are TSEs? What are they caused by?Give an example | Misfolded prion proteins Contact with other misfolded proteins Eg. Kuru, scrapie |
| Bacteria, Eukaryote, Virus: What cannot be seen in microscope? What isn't capable of free growth? What has genes seperated from cytoplasm by membrane? What has RNA? | 1. Virus 2. Virus+ some bacteria 3. Eukaryote 4. Virus |
| What are the two different ways nucleic acids are packaged in viruses? | 1. Icosahedral (12 faced) 2. Helical (helix) |
| The genome of virus contains ... OR ... in ... or ... strands | DNA, double RNA, single |
| What are the two ways viruses can be packaged? Examples of each | 1. Naked, with only a protein coat (eg. bacteriophage, coronavirus) 2. Enveloped, with plasma membrane (eg. HIV, retrovirus) |
| Process of viral replication? | 1. Lands on host 2. Enters via fusion w membrane/translocation/endocytosed 3. Translation/transcription/reverse transcription/integration to replicate 4. Burst cell open |
| What shape is bacilli and give an example? What shape is cocci and give an example? What shape is spirochaetes and give an example? Does shape indicate relatedness? | Rectangular, e. coli Round, s. mutans Squiggly, Lyme's disease No |
| What does gram staining stain for? What features do gram negative bacteria have that positive don't? | Peptidoglycan on gram positive bacteria Outer membrane, LPS, lipoprotein, periplasmic space |
| What are ways to classify bacteria based on colony characteristics? | 1. Hemolytic activity 2. Surface texture 3. Colony morphology/size 4. Indicator dyes 5. Different nutrients |
| How does alpha hemolysis bacteria work? | Locally breakdown cells |
| How does beta hemolysis bacteria work? | Strongest, secrete hemolytic cells to create visible zone |
| How does gamma hemolysis bacteria work? | Weakest, only breaks cells it touches |
| What are two types of biochemical tests for classifying bacteria? | 1. Sugar fermentation profiles (eg. gas or acid producing) 2. Enzyme profiles (eg. coagulase) |
| How does typing based on antigenic structure work? | It is based on the proteins on bacteria unique to its bacterium (since antibodies only bind to specific proteins) Agglutination occurs as specific antibodies clump to the specific bacteria |
| What does serotyping use to classify bacteria? | Each bacteria is its own serotype based on the proteins it has on its surface Serotyping is performed with antisera (blood serum with antibodies in it) |
| What does phage typing use to classify bacteria? | Using phage (bacterial viruses) to recognise specific surface proteins |
| What is a phage/bacteriophage? | A virus that replicates within bacteria/microorganisms |
| What does genetic typing use to classify bacteria? What are the 4 ways? | Using DNA sequence (CAN BE used for all pathogens) 1. Plasmids 2. Sequence and RFLP 3. Probes 4. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) |
| Plasmids are commonly used to distinguish between .... Smaller plasmids move .... | Same species, different strain Further from the baseline |
| How does RFLP work? | Restriction endonucleases cut specific sequences into specific fragments to distinguish between DNA sequences |
| what are 2 other ways to analyse bacterial types other than the ones mentioned? | 1. Antimicrobial sensitivity 2. Serum antibody (agglutination test in serum) |
| Do prokaryotes have internal membranes? What differs between prokaryote and eukaryote ribosomes? | No P=70s, E=80s |
| Features of fungi Is protozoa single or multi cellular? | Single or multicellular Digest food w extracellular enzymes Can be dimorphic Single |
| Give an example of a dimorphic funghi? | Candida albicans can exist in yeast form or hyphae form |
| Difference between yeasts and moulds? Example of each | Yeast: Usually single celled unless dimorphic (also grows as hyphae) Eg. candida, cryptococcus Moulds: Grow as long hyphae only eg. penicillium, aspergillus, fusarium |
| What is the fungal cell wall made of? | Mannoproteins Chitin Glucans (B1,3 and B1,6 |
| Who came up with the germ theory of life, rabies/anthrax vaccine, and diseases of wine and beer? | Louis Pasteur |
| Who linked bacteria with disease, came up with postulates, and discovered tuberculosis/cholerae? | Robert Koch |
| What are Koch's postulates? | 1. The bacteria must be present in every case of the disease 2. Must be isolated from host and grown in pure culture 3. Disease must be reproduced when bacteria is inoculated in a healthy host |
| How do commensals benefit us? | 1. Competitive exclusion to prevent opprotunistic bacteria from infecting (eg. nutrient competition, pH balance, immune system) 2. Nutrient synthesis |
| What are opportunistic/pathobionts bacteria? | Bacteria that can be commensal or pathogenic based on certain environmental factors |
| The following lead to which opprotunistic bacteria: Antibiotics HIV Trauma | 1. Salmonella, C. difficile 2. TB, candida 3. S. aureus |
| What is the host parasite relationship? | The state of the host determines whether the parasite causes disease eg. E. coli O157 affects humans not cattle, and is obtained by eating beef |
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