Flashcards
Assess ethical issues with human ppts
Cards in this deck (16)
- 1What does deception lead to?One ethical issue is deception which affects the level of informed consent that the participants can give.
- 2How was there passive deception in Money's (1974) research?. In Money’s (1974) study of David Reimer, David was deceived till he almost committed suicide. Money also passively deceived the scientific community (by withholding in his papers that his experiment contradicted his theory) and David’s parents by failing to tell them that David was taking part in an experiment although they consented for the operation.
- 3How are dangers of parental consent relevant to this and what did this result in?This experiment also raises the dangers of parental consent of the behalf of a minor – in this case because of failure to disclose the experiment to David, he was actively deceived by his parents and Dr Money and this deception not only psychologically damaged him but also obstructed his right to withdraw.
- 4How is the obstruction of the right to withdraw evident in Milgram's (1963) research?This obstruction of right to withdraw was evident in Milgram’s (1961) experiment of obedience too - the 4 prods given by the experimenter made it difficult for the participant to leave.
- 5How may this be justified?However it could be argued that it was necessary to push the participants to test his theory of obedience.
- 6What else did Milgram do that was good?Milgram was one of the first researchers to emphasise the importance of debriefing and the feedback from the participants suggested that most of them (84%) were glad/very glad to have taken part.
- 7How did his research contribute to psychology and how may this justify what he did?Also, perhaps the contribution to psychology (the importance of situational factors in determining behaviour particularly in the Holocaust) outweighs the discomfort experienced by the participants.
- 8How did he fail to protect his participants?However, he did fail to protect some of the participants from harm – 3 had full blown seizures.
- 9How was harm a major issue in Zimbardo's (1973) research?Lack of protection from harm was a major issue in Zimbardo’s (1973) study as some participants suffered physical harm (psychosomatic rashes) as well as psychological harm (emotional breakdowns).
- 10How was the behaviour observed predictable?Moreover it was entirely predictable that the mock guards would attack the mock prisoners, because that is exactly what had happened in a pilot study that Zimbardo carried out before the main study but he carried it out anyway without putting in protective measures.
- 11Why is debriefing not a justification?The severe distress to the participants can’t be eliminated by just debriefing.
- 12How may obstructing the right to withdraw lower internal validity?Moreover, obstructing the right to withdraw may affect the internal validity of results – if participants knew that they could leave the study at any time perhaps we wouldn’t have seen such violent acts being committed in the study.
- 13Why is it difficult to standardise harm levels?However the level of harm that’s acceptable is difficult to standardize due to individual differences – effect of harm whether psychological or physical is subjective.
- 14What do standards set by the BPS and the APA allow?However standards set by the BPS and the APA aim to limit the damage to participants caused by psychologists such as John Money due to their vested interests.
- 15But what's the issue with the Ethical code of conduct passed by the APA?However, the Ethical Code of Conduct proposed by the APA (1953 – 1981) at the time wasn’t as extensive or of as a high standard as it is today so it could be argued that both Milgram and Zimbardo et al didn’t breach ethical guideline (at the time).
- 16What could be concluded about these studies based on today's standards?However by today’s standards, all three of the above studies would be classified as unethical due to their disregard of the ethical principles and participant rights.
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- A-Level psychology A2 (PY3 essays) Flashcards on Assess ethical issues with human ppts, created by kiruthicka on 29/05/2015.
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