Flashcards
Learning- General Psychology OpenStax 2e
Cards in this deck (53)
- 1Reflexesmotor or neural reaction to a specific stimulus in the environment(from birth,unlearned)
- 2Instinctsunlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior; thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans
- 3Learningpermanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience
- 4associative learningwhen an organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment
- 5conditioninglearning associations from environmental events and behavioral responses
- 6classical conditioningNOT VOLUNTARY -Ivan Pavlov- Learning to associate 2 stimuli and consequently learn to anticipate events.
- 7UCS- Unconditioned Stimulusa stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in an organism
- 8UCR- Unconditioned Responsea natural (unlearned) reaction to a given stimulus
- 9NS-Neutral Stimulusstimulus that does not naturally elicit a response
- 10CS- Conditioned stimulusstimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
- 11CR-Conditioned Responsebehavior caused by the conditioned stimulus
- 12Higher Order(second order) conditioningconditioned stimulus serves to condition a second stimulus
- 13acquisitionwhen an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus (can happen within seconds)
- 14Taste aversiontype of conditioning in which an interval of several hours may pass between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus
- 15Rescorla-Wagner modelmathematical formula used in classical conditioning
- 16Extinctiondecrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus
- 17Spontaneous recoveryreturn of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period
- 18stimulus discriminationorganism that learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar (can tell difference)
- 19stimulus generalizationwhen an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus (cannot tell difference)
- 20operant conditioningorganisms learn to associate a behavior and its consequence
- 21law of effectbehaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely to be repeated and behaviors followed by consequences unpleasant to the organism are less likely to be repeated(SATISFYING STATE OF AFFAIRS)
- 22Skinner Boxoperant conditioning chamber developed by B.F.Skinner
- 23Reinforcementto increase behavior
- 24Punishmentto decrease behavior
- 25positive/negativeadding something/taking something away
- 26shapingreward successive approximations of a target behavior/ Often used in teaching a complex behavior or chain of behaviors
- 27primary reinforcerreinforcers that have innate reinforcing qualities
- 28secondary reinforcersreinforcers that have no inherent value and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with a primary reinforcer
- 29continuous reinforcementwhen an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior
- 30partial reinforcement (intermittent reinforcement)person/animal does not get reinforced every time they perform desired behavior
- 31Fixed# of responses between reinforcements or amount of time between reinforcements that is SET+UNCHANGING (predictable)
- 32variable# of responses or amount of time between reinforcements which VARIES+CHANGES (unpredictable)
- 33intervalschedule based on time between reinforcements
- 34ratioschedule is based on # of responses between reinforcements
- 35Fixed interval reinforcement schedulebehavior is rewarded after a set amount of time (LEAST PRODUCTIVE + EASIEST TO EXTINGUISH)
- 36variable interval reinforcement schedulebehavior is rewarded within unpredictable amounts of time
- 37fixed ratio reinforcement schedulebehavior is rewarded after a set amount of responses
- 38variable ratio reinforcement schedulebehavior is rewarded within unpredictable number of responses( MOST PRODUCTIVE + MOST RESISTANT TO EXTINCTION)
- 39radical behaviorismstaunch form of behaviorism developed by B.F.Skinner
- 40cognitive mapmental picture of layout of maze
- 41latent learninglearning that occurs but is not observable behavior until there is reason to demonstrate it
- 42learned helplessnessphenomenon in which exposure to inescapable+uncontrollable aversive events produces passive behavior(not taking action)
- 43instinctive drift(instinctive responses)natural behaviors that interfere with operant behaviors trying to be conditioned within
- 44observational learninglearning by watching others and imitating/modeling what they do or say
- 45modelsindividuals performing the imitated behavior
- 46mirror neuronimitative learning involving this specific type of neuron
- 47social learning theorybrand of behaviorism that took cognitive processes into account
- 48live modeldemonstrates behavior in person
- 49verbal modelbehavior explained or described verbally
- 50symbolic modelfictional characters or real people that demonstrate certain behaviors
- 51observational stepsattention, retention, reproduction and motivation
- 52vicarious reinforcementmotivated to copy behavior due to reinforcement of behavior
- 53vicarious punishmentno motivation to copy behavior due to punishment of behavior
Information
- Description
- Psychology Flashcards on Learning- General Psychology OpenStax 2e, created by Jennifer Ortiz on 14/03/2021.
- Created by
- Jennifer Ortiz
- Views
- 4
- Rating