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Psych Exam 1

Sarah Koch Psychology English 61 cards

Cards in this deck (61)

  1. 1What are the six primary disciplines?Biology, Education, Sociological, Psychological, Anthropology , and History
  2. 2What are the rough boundaries of the phases of adolescence?Early: 10 - 13
    Middle: 14 - 17
    Late 18 - 21+
  3. 3What is Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems TheorySeries of interconnected systems
    Adolescents spend the most time in the microsystem.
  4. 4What is adolescence?"to grow into adulthood:
    period of transitions: biological, psychological, social, and economic.
  5. 5Pubertyinvolve changes in a young person's physical appearance and the development of the ability to conceive children.
  6. 6Cognitiverefers to the processes that underlie how people think
  7. 7identitydiscovering and understanding who we are as individuals
  8. 8autonomyestablishing a healthy sense of independence
  9. 9intimacyforming close and caring relationships with other
  10. 10sexualityexpressing sexual feeling and enjoying physical contact with others
  11. 11achievementbeing successful and competent members of society.
    crucial decisions with long term consequences
  12. 12What are the three sets of problems associated with adolescence?drug and alcohol use and abuse
    delinquency (externalizing problems)
    depression (internalizing problems)
  13. 13Organismic Theoriesemphasize the interaction between the biological changes of the period and the contexts in which they take place
  14. 14Learning Theoriesemphasize the ways in which the patterns of behavior are acquired through reinforcement and punishment or observation and imitation. shift from biological forces to environmental ones.
  15. 15Sociological Theoriesemphasize the ways in which adolescents, as a group, are treated by society.
  16. 16Three chief physical manifestations of Puberty1. Rapid acceleration in growth - height and weight
    2. Development of primary sex characteristics and hormonal changes (gonads)
    3. development of secondary sex characteristics (genitals, breasts, hair)
  17. 17Endocrine Systemproduces, circulates, and regulates levels of hormones
  18. 18Hormoneshighly specialized substances that are secreted by one or more endocrine glands and then enter the bloodstream and travel throughout the body.
  19. 19Glandsorgans that stimulate particular parts of the body to respond in specific ways
  20. 20GnRH neuronsgonadotropic-releasing hormone
    specialized neurons that are activated by certain pubertal hormones
  21. 21Set pointa physiological level or setting that the body attempts to maintain through a self-regulating system
  22. 22Feedback loopHPG axis
    a cycle through which two or more bodily function respond to and regulate each other
  23. 23pituitary glandcontrols hormone level
  24. 24hypothalamuspart of the brain that controls the pituitary glad and is where there is a concentration of GnRH neurons
  25. 25adrenarchmaturation of the adrenal glands that takes place during adolescence
  26. 26cortisolhormone produced when a person is exposed to stress
  27. 27kisspeptina brain chemical believed to trigger the onset of puberty
  28. 28epiphysisthe closing of the ends of the bones, which terminates growth after the adolescent growth spurt has been completed
  29. 29Menarchethe time of the first menstruation
  30. 30pheromonesa class of chemical secreted by animals that stimulate certain behaviors in other members of the species
  31. 31Secular trendthe tendency, over the past two centuries, for individuals to be larger in stature and to reach puberty earlier, primarily because of improvements in health and nutrition
  32. 32cross-sectional studya study that compares two or more groups of individuals at one point in time
  33. 33longitudinal studya study that follows the same group of individuals over time
  34. 34basal metabolism ratethe minimal amount of energy used by the body during a resting state
  35. 35anorexia nervosaeating disorder found chiefly among young women
    characterized by dramatic and severe self-induced weight loss
  36. 36bulimiaeating disorder found primarily among young women
    characterized by a pattern of binge eating and extreme weight loss measures, including self induced vomiting
  37. 37binge eating disordercharacterized by a pattern of binge eating that is not accompanied by attempts to lose weight
  38. 38deductive reasongingtype of logical reasoning in which one draws logically necessary conclusions from a general set of premises, or givens
  39. 39metaognitionthe process of thinking about thinking itself
  40. 40imaginary audiencethe belief often brought on by the heightened self-consciousness of early adolescence that everyone is watching and evaluation one's behavior.
  41. 41personal fablean adolescents belief that he or she is unique and therefor not subject to the rules that govern other people's behavior
  42. 42Four stages of cognitive developmentsensorimotor: birth until age 2
    preoperational: age 2 - 5
    concrete operations: age 6 to early adolescence
    formal operations: adolescence - adulthood
  43. 43information-processing perspectivea perspective on cognition that derives from the study of artificial intelligence and attempts to explain cognitive development in terms of the growth of specific components of the thinking process
  44. 44autobiographical memoryrecall of personally meaningful past events
    in long-term memory
  45. 45reminiscence bumpthe fact that experiences from adolescence are generally recalled more that experiences from other stages of life
  46. 46fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)a technique used to produce images of the brain, often while the subject is performing some sort of mental task.
  47. 47Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)a technique used to produce images fo the brain that shows connections among different regions
  48. 48brain structurethe physical form and organization of the brain
  49. 49brain functionpatterns of brain activity
  50. 50neurotransmittersspecialized chemicals that carry electrical impulses between neurons
  51. 51synaptic pruningthe process through which unnecessary connection between neurons are eliminated, improving the efficiency of information processing
  52. 52myelinationthe process through which brain circuits are insulated with myelin, which improves the efficiency of information processing
  53. 53developmental plasticityextensive remodeling of the brain's circuitry in response to experiences during childhood and adolescence, while the brain is still maturing
  54. 54adult plasticityrelatively minor changes in brain circuits as a result of experiences during adulthood
  55. 55prefrontal cortexthe region of the brain most important for sophisticated thinking abilities
  56. 56limbic systeman area of the brain that plays an important role in the processing of emotional experience, social information, and reward and punishment
  57. 57zone of proximal developmentin Vygotsky's theoru, the level of challenge that is still within the individual's reach but that forces them to develop more advanced skills
  58. 58social cognitionthe aspect of cognition that concerns thinking about other people. interpersonal relationships and social institutions
  59. 59mentalizingthe ability to understand someone's mental state
  60. 60inventioniststheorists who argue that the period of adolescence is mainly a social invention
  61. 61youthterm used to refer to individuals ages 18 to 22, used to be 12 to 24

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Chapter 1-4
Created by
Sarah Koch · Sep 2021
Updated
Sep 29, 2021
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