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self and personality

breezy blu psychology English 145 cards

Cards in this deck (145)

  1. 1______ and _____ refer to the characteristic ways in which we define our existence.self and personality
  2. 2A relatively stable pattern of behavior represents the ______personality
  3. 3______ refers to those attributes of a person that make her or him different from others.Personal identity
  4. 4________ refers to those aspects of a person that link her/him to a social or cultural group or are derived from it.Social identity
  5. 5_____ refers to the totality of an individual's conscious experiences, ideas, thoughts, and feelings with regard to herself or himself.Self
  6. 6As a ______ the self actively engages in the process of knowing itself.subject
  7. 7As an ____ the self gets observed and comes to be known.object
  8. 8the ______ leads to an orientation in which one feels primarily concerned with oneself.personal self
  9. 9the ______ emerges in relation with others and emphasizes such aspects of life as cooperation, unity, affiliation, sacrifice, support, or sharing. Hence, it is also known as _____ or ______ .social self / familial self / relational self
  10. 10The way we perceive ourselves and the ideas that we hold about our competencies and attributes is called _______. It can be _____ or ______.self concept / positive or negative
  11. 11The value judgment of a person about herself/himself is known as ______.self esteem
  12. 12Studies indicate that by the age of ____ to ____ years, children seem to have formed self esteem in at least 4 areas. _______ competence, _______ competence, ________/______ competence and ________.6-7 years / academic / social / physical or athletic competence / physical appearance
  13. 13Our capacity to view ourselves in stable dispositions permits us to combine separate self-evaluations into a general psychological image of ourselves. This is known as an _____________.the overall sense of self esteem
  14. 14A person who believes that s/he has the ability or behaviors required by a particular situation demonstrates high ________.self efficacy
  15. 15The notion of self-efficacy is based on ____________.banduras social learning theory
  16. 16A strong sense of ________ allows people to select, influence, and even construct the circumstances of their own life.self efficacy
  17. 17T/F - Self-efficacy cannot be developedfalse
  18. 18________refers to our ability to organize and monitor our own behavior. People, who are able to change their behavior according to the demands of the external environment, are high on ________.self-regulation / self-monitoring
  19. 19Many situations of life require resistance to situational pressures and control over ourselves. This becomes possible through what is commonly known as _______.willpower
  20. 20Learning to delay or defer the gratification of needs is called ______. It plays a key role in the fulfillment of _________.self control / long-term goals
  21. 21___________ provides us with necessary information that may be used to change, modify, or strengthen certain aspects of self.Observation of our own behavior.
  22. 22________ is another important technique. We often instruct ourselves to do something and behave the way we want to. Such instructions are quite effective in self-regulation.Self-instruction
  23. 23___________ is the third technique. This involves rewarding behaviors that have pleasant outcomes.self reinforcement
  24. 24The most important distinction between the Indian and the Western views is the way the ______ is drawn between the ______ and _____boundary / self and the other
  25. 25In the Western view, this boundary appears to be _________. The Indian view of self, on the other hand, is characterized by the ___________of this boundary.relatively fixed / shifting nature
  26. 26The Western view seems to hold clear ________between self and other, man and nature, subjective and objective.dichotomies
  27. 27Western cultures are characterized as _____, whereas Asian cultures are characterized as _______.Individualistic / collectivistic
  28. 28The literal meaning of personality is derived from the Latin word _______, the mask used by actors in the Roman theatre for changing their facial make-up.Persona
  29. 29For a layperson, personality generally refers to the _________ of an individual.physical or external appearance
  30. 30________ refers to our characteristic ways of responding to individuals and situationspersonality
  31. 31______ refers to unique and relatively stable qualities that characterize an individual’s behavior across different situations over a period of timepersonality
  32. 32personality is _______ to situations.adaptive
  33. 33_______in behavior thought, and emotion of an individual across situations and across time periods characterize her/his personalityconsistency
  34. 34An understanding of personality allows us to deal with people in ______ and ______ ways.realistic and acceptable
  35. 35_________ are biologically based characteristic ways of reactingtemperament
  36. 36_____ are stable, persistent, and specific ways of behaving.Traits
  37. 37_______ is the tendency of a person to react to a given situation in a particular way.disposition
  38. 38______ is the overall pattern od regularly occurring behaviourcharacter
  39. 39_____ are overlearned modes of behaving.habits
  40. 40______ are goals and ideas that are considered important and worthwhile to achievevalues
  41. 41The ________ attempts to comprehend human personality by examining certain broad patterns in the observed behavioral characteristics of individuals.type approaches
  42. 42_______ focuses on the specific psychological attributes along which individuals tend to differ in consistent and stable waystrait approach
  43. 43________ holds that situational characteristics play an an important role in determining our behavior.the interactional approach
  44. 44The Greek physician ________ had proposed a typology of personality based on ________ or _______. He classified people into four typesHippocrates / Fluid or Humor
  45. 45_________, a famous treatise on Ayurveda classifies people into the categories of _______, ______ and ______on the basis of three humoural elements called _______. Each refers to a type of temperament called _______.Charak Samhita / Vata, pitta, and kapha / tridosha / prakriti
  46. 46there is also a typology of personality based on the _______, i.e. sattva, rajas, and tamas.Trigunas
  47. 47_________ includes attributes like cleanliness, truthfulness, dutifulness, detachment, discipline, etc.Sattva guna
  48. 48________ includes intensive activity, desire for sense gratification, dissatisfaction, envy for others, and a materialistic mentality, etc.Rajas guna
  49. 49_________ characterises anger, arrogance, depression, laziness, the feeling of helplessness, etc.Tamas guna
  50. 50Within psychology, the personality types given by ________ are fairly wellknown.Sheldon
  51. 51________ are fat, soft and round. By temperament they are relaxed and sociable.endomorphs
  52. 52_________ have strong musculature, are rectangular with a strong body build. They are energetic and courageous.The mesomorphs
  53. 53_______are thin, long, and fragile in body build. They are brainy, artistic, and introvertThe ectomorphs
  54. 54______ has proposed another important typology by grouping people into introverts and extroverts. This is widely recognized.Jung
  55. 55_______ are people who prefer to be alone, tend to avoid others, withdraw themselves in the face of emotional conflicts, and are shy. _________ on the other hand, are sociable, outgoing, drawn to occupations that allow dealing directly with people, and react to stress by trying to lose themselves among people and social activityIntroverts / Extraverts
  56. 56_______ have classified individuals into Type-A and Type-B personalities. The two researchers were trying to identify ________ factors when they discovered these types.Friedman and Roseman / psychosocial risk
  57. 57People characterised by _____personality seem to possess high motivation, lack patience, feel short of time, be in a great hurry, and feel like being always burdened with work.Type A
  58. 58The risk of developing CHD with _______ is sometimes even greater than the risks caused by high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, or smoking.Type A personality
  59. 59People characterized by _______ personality are laid back, calm, prone to procrastination, and enjoy small accomplishments.Type B personality
  60. 60______ has suggested the Type C personality which is prone to _____.Morris / cancer
  61. 61individuals characterized by ______ personality are cooperative, unassertive and patient.Type C
  62. 62More recently, a Type-D personality has been suggested, which is characterized by proneness to _______Depression
  63. 63________ are mainly concerned with the description or characterization of basic components of personality. They try to discover the ‘building blocks of personality.Trait approaches
  64. 64_______ is considered the pioneer of trait approach.Gordon Allport
  65. 65Allport, based on this, categorised traits into _______, _______, and ______>Cardinal, central, and secondary
  66. 66_________ are highly generalised dispositions. They indicate the goal around which a person’s entire life seems to revolve. Mahatma Gandhi’s non-violence and Hitler’s Nazism are examples of cardinal traits.Cardinal traits
  67. 67Less pervasive in effect, but still quite generalized dispositions, are called ________central traits
  68. 68______ traits (e.g., warm, sincere, diligent, etc.) are often used in writing a testimonial or job recommendation for a person.cental
  69. 69The least generalised characteristics of a person are called ______secondary traits
  70. 70_______believed that there is a common structure on which people differ from each other. This structure could be determined _________.Raymond Cattell / emperically
  71. 71Cattell used a _______ technique, called ________, to discover the common structures. He found _____ primary or ______ traits.statistical / factor analysis / 16 / source
  72. 72The source traits are ______ and are considered as the _______ of personality.stable / building blocks
  73. 73there are also a number of _______ that result out of the interaction of source traits.surface traits
  74. 74Cattell developed a test, called _______ , for the assessment of personality.Sixteen personality factor questionnaire / 16PF
  75. 75______ proposed that personality could be reduced into two broad dimensions. These are ______ and ______ based. Each dimension subsumes a number of specific traits.HJ Eysenck / genetically and biologically
  76. 76_______ people are anxious, moody, touchy, restless and quickly lose control.neurotic
  77. 77________ are those who are active, gregarious, impulsive, and thrill-seeking. At the other extreme are ______ who are passive, quiet, cautious, and reserved.Extraverts / introverts
  78. 78_______ is now considered to be the most promising empirical approach to the study of personalityThe five-factor model of personality
  79. 79_________ highly popular approach to studying personality. This view owes largely to the contributions of _________psychodynamic theory / sigmund freud
  80. 80Early in his career, Freud used ______ to treat his patients' physical and emotional problems.hypnosis
  81. 81________ is a method in which a person is asked to openly share all the thoughts, feelings and ideas that come to her/his mindfree association
  82. 82freud used ______, _____, and _____ to understand the internal functioning of the mindfree association, dream analysis, and analysis of errors
  83. 83Freud’s theory considers the sources and consequences of ________ and the way people deal with these.emotional conflicts
  84. 84The first level is _______, which includes the thoughts, feelings, and actions of which people are aware.conscious
  85. 85The second level is _________, which includes mental activity of which people may become aware only if they attend to it closely.Preconscious
  86. 86The _______ includes mental activity that people are unaware of.unconscious
  87. 87According to Freud, the unconscious is a reservoir of ______ or _____ drives.Instinctive / Animal
  88. 88Unsuccessful resolution of conflicts results in _______abnormal behaviour
  89. 89The basic goal of ________ is to bring repressed unconscious materials to consciousness, thereby helping people to live in a more self-aware and integrated manner.psychoanalytic therapy
  90. 90According to Freud’s theory, the primary ________ of personality are three, i.e. id, ego, and superego.structural elements
  91. 91______ is the source of a person’s instinctual energy.Id
  92. 92Id works on the ________, which assumes that people seek pleasure and try to avoid pain. Freud considered much of a person’s instinctual energy to be _______, and the rest as ______.pleasure principle / sexual / aggresive
  93. 93______ grows out of id and seeks to satisfy an individual’s instinctual needs in accordance with _____. It works on the ______ principle.Ego / reality / reality principle
  94. 94______ is the moral branch of mental functioning.Super ego
  95. 95the relative strength of the id, ego and superego determines each person’s ________.stability
  96. 96Freud also assumed that id is energized by two instinctual forces, called _______ and _______.life instinct and death instinct
  97. 97The instinctual life force that energizes the id is called ________libido
  98. 98According to Freud, much of human behavior reflects an attempt to deal with or escape from _______anxiety
  99. 99Freud believed that people avoid anxiety mainly by developing _______ that try to defend the _____ against the awareness of the instinctual needsdefence mechanisms / ego
  100. 100_______ is a way of reducing anxiety by distorting reality.defence mechanism
  101. 101Although some defense against anxiety is normal and adaptive, people who use these mechanisms to such an extent that reality is truly distorted develop various forms of ______maladjustment
  102. 102In ______anxiety-provoking behaviors or thoughts are totally dismissed by the unconscious. people become totally unaware of that wish or desirerepression
  103. 103In _______ people attribute their own traits to others.projection
  104. 104In _____, a person totally refuses to accept reality.denial
  105. 105In ______, a person defends against anxiety by adopting behaviors opposite to her/his true feelings. A person with strong sexual urges, who channels her/his energy into religious fervor, presents a classical example.reaction formation
  106. 106In ______, the person tries to make unreasonable feelings or behavior seems reasonable and acceptable.rationalization
  107. 107The psychosexual theory is also known as the _______.five-stage theory
  108. 108In the oral stage, a newborn's instincts are focussed on the _____. The infant receives ______ through feeding, thumb sucking, biting, and babblingmouth
  109. 109an adult who considers the world a bitter place probably had difficulty during the ______ of development.oral stage
  110. 110It is found that around ages _______ the child learns to respond to some of the demands of society.2 - 3
  111. 111The ______ stage establishes the basis for conflict between the id and the ego, and between the desire for babyish pleasure and demand for adult, controlled behaviorAnal
  112. 112The phallic stage focuses on the _____.genitals
  113. 113At around ages _______ children begin to realize the differences between males and females. They become aware of sexuality and the sexual relationship between their parents.4 - 5
  114. 114During the phallic stage, e, the male child experiences the __________, which involves love for the mother, hostility towards the father, and the consequent fear of punishment or castration by the fatherOedipus complex
  115. 115For girls, the Oedipus complex is called the ______.Electra complex
  116. 116The latency stage lasts from ________ to ______.seven years to puberty
  117. 117Much of a child’s energy is channeled into social or achievement-related activities in the ______ stage.latency
  118. 118In the _______ stage the person attains maturity in psychosexual development.genital stage
  119. 119Failure of a child to pass successfully through a stage leads to _______ to that stage.fixation
  120. 120_______ occurs when a person’s resolution of problems at any stage of development is less than adequate. In this situation, people display behaviors typical of a less mature stage of developmentRegression
  121. 121These theorists have been called ________, or _______ in order to differentiate their work from Freud’s.neo-analytic/post-Freudian
  122. 122Jung saw human beings guided as much by _________ as by sex and aggression.aims and aspirations
  123. 123Jungs theory of personality is called the _______analytical psychology
  124. 124The basic assumption of ______ theory is that personality consists of competing forces and structures within the individual (that must be balanced) rather than between the individual and the demands of society, or between the individual and reality.Carl Jungs
  125. 125Jung claimed that there was a ________ consisting of _______ or primordial images.collective unconscious / archetypes
  126. 126The _______ approach does not give importance to the internal dynamics of behavior.behavioural
  127. 127The ________ believe in ______, which they feel are definable, observable, and measurable.behaviourists / data
  128. 128For most behaviorists, the structural unit of personality is the _______.response
  129. 129Thus, the core tendency that organizes _______ is the reduction of biological or social needs that energize behavior.behaviour
  130. 130_______ theory considers thought processes extremely important in learning, but these find almost no place in classical or instrumental conditioning theories.the observational learning
  131. 131________ theory also emphasizes social learning and self regulation.observational learning
  132. 132________ approach attempts to understand personality in relation to the features of ecological and cultural environment.cultural
  133. 133the cultural approach proposes that a group’s ___________’ plays a vital role in the origin of cultural and behavioral variations.economic maintenance system
  134. 134A formal effort aimed at understanding personality of an individual is termed as ________personality assessment
  135. 135________ refers to the procedures used to evaluate or differentiate people on the basis of certain characteristicsAssessment
  136. 136The ________ is to understand and predict behavior with minimum error and maximum accuracygoal of assessment
  137. 137_____ suggested self-report measures.Allport
  138. 138Self Reports are are scored in ______ and interpreted on the basis of _______ developed for the test.quantitative terms / norms
  139. 139________ developed this test as a helping tool for psychiatric diagnosis, but the test has been found very effective in identifying varieties of psychopathology.Hathaway and Mckinley developed the MMPI
  140. 140The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory revised version is available as _____. It consists of ______ statements. The test is divided into ______ subscales.MMPI-2 / 567 / 10
  141. 141introverted-extraverted and emotionally stable-emotionally unstable dimensions are characterized by ____ personality traits. Later on, _____ added a third dimension, called ______.32 / Eysenck / psychoticism
  142. 142Psychoticism is linked to ________ that represents a lack of feeling for otherspsychopathology
  143. 143___________ is a tendency of the subject to agree with items/questions irrespective of their contents.Acquiescence
  144. 144Self-report techniques are _____ techniques whereas projective techniques are ______ techniques.direct / indirect
  145. 145—

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psychology Flashcards on self and personality, created by breezy blu on 29/10/2021.
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breezy blu · Oct 2021
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Oct 29, 2021
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