Flashcards
reviewer psy elect 4
Cards in this deck (144)
- 1DRIVESoperate as a constant motivational force
- 2DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITYto explain the driving forces behind people’s actions
- 3DRIVES, SEX, AGGRESSION, ANXIETY4 DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY
- 4SEXthe aim of the sexual drive is pleasure, but this pleasure is not limited to genital satisfaction.
- 5AGGRESSIONthe aim of the destructive drive is to return the organism to an inorganic state.
- 6ANXIETYit is a felt, affective, unpleasant state accompanied by a physical sensation that warns a person against impending danger.
- 7id,ego Superego3 STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY
- 8idis the original system of personality; at birth a person is all id.
-it lacks organization and is blind, demanding, and insistent.
-the pleasure principle - 9ego-has contact with the external world of reality
-it controls consiousness and exercises censorship.
-the reality principle - 10superego-is the judicial branch of personality.
-it includes a person’s moral code.
-the idealistic principle - 11conscious, unconsciousLEVELS OF MENTAL LIFE
divided into two levels. - 12UNCONSCIOUS-cannot be studied directly but its inferred from behavior.
-stores all experiences, memories, and repressed material. - 13make the unconscious motives conscious, for only then can an individual exercise choice.the goal of psychoanalytic therapy
- 141. dreams 2. slips of the tongue and forgetting 3. posthypnotic suggestions 4. material derived from free-association techniques 5. material derived from projective techniques 6. symbolic content of psychotic symptomsClinical evidence for postulating the unconscious includes the following:
- 15PRECONSCIOUScontains all those elements that are not conscious but can be become conscious either quite readily or with some difficulty.
- 16CONSCIOUS-which plays a relatively minor role in psychoanalytic theory.
-can be defined as those mental elements in awareness any given point in time
-the only level of mental life directly available to us. - 17EGO-DEFENSE MECHANISMShelp the individual cope with anxiety and prevent the ego from being overwhelmed.
- 18Repression- Threatening or painful thoughts and feelings are excluded from awareness.
- 19Denial- “Closing one’s eyes” to the existence of a threatening aspect of reality.
- 20Reaction formation- Actively expressing the opposite impulse when confronted with a threatening impulse.
- 21Compensation- Masking perceived weaknesses or developing certain positive traits to make up for limitations.
- 22Identification- Identifying with successful causes, organizations, or people in the hope that you will be perceived as worthwhile
- 23Introjection- Taking in and “swallowing” the values and standards of others.
- 24Regression- Going back to an earlier phase of development when there were fewer demands.
- 25ProjectionAttributing to others one’s own unacceptable desires and impulses.
- 26Displacement- Directing energy toward another object or person when the original object or person is inaccessible.
- 27Rationalization- Manufacturing “good” reasons to explain away a bruised ego.
- 28Sublimation- Diverting sexual or aggressive energy into other channels.
- 29Counseling Implications-By taking a combined psychosexual and psychosocial perspective, counselors have a helpful conceptual framework for understanding developmental issues as they appear in therapy.
- 30psychosexual and psychosocial perspective-By taking a combined ___________ and _____________ ______________ , counselors have a helpful conceptual framework for understanding developmental issues as they appear in therapy.
- 31The ultimate goal of psychoanalytic treatment is to increase adaptive functioning, which involves the reduction of symptoms and the resolution of conflictsTherapeutic Goals
- 32• to make the unconscious conscious • to strengthen the ego so that behavior is based more on reality and less on instinctual cravings or irrational guilt.Two goals of Freudian psychoanalytic therapy
- 33achieving insight intellectual understandingPsychoanalytic therapy is oriented toward ___________ _____________,but not just an ____________________ ______________; it is essential that the feelings and memories associated with this self-understanding be experienced.
- 34Blank-Screen Approach-analysts typically assume an anonymous nonjudgmental stance
-maintain a sense of neutrality to foster a transference relationship - 35Transference Relationshipa cornerstone of psychoanalysis and “refers to the transfer of feelings originally experienced in an early relationship to other important people in a person’s present environment”
- 36• Central functions of analysishelp clients acquire the freedom to love, work, and play.
- 37working relationship• Establish _______________ _______________ with the client.
- 38self-awareness honesty effective personal relationships impulsive and irrational behavior• Assist clients in achieving _________________, ______________, and more __________ _____________ __________; in dealing with anxiety in a realistic way; and in gaining control over _______________ and ______________ ___________________.
- 39respectful open-minded way decides when to make appropriate interpretations• Analyst listens in a _____________, ______________ _________ and ___________ ; tact and timing are essential for effective interpretations
- 40Transference-the client’s unconscious shifting to the analyst of feelings, attitudes, and fantasies (both positive and negative) that are reactions to significant others in the client’s past.
- 41Countertransference-consists of a therapist’s unconscious emotional responses to a client based on the therapist’s own past, resulting in a distorted perception of the client’s behavior
- 42Maintaining the Analytic Frameworkrefers to a whole range of procedural and stylistic factors, such as the analyst’s relative anonymity, maintaining neutrality and objectivity, the regularity and consistency of meetings, starting and ending the sessions on time, clarity on fees, and basic boundary issues such as the avoidance of advice giving or imposition of the therapist’s values
- 43Dream analysisis an important procedure for uncovering unconscious material
and giving the client insight into some areas of unresolved problems. - 44Interpretationconsists of the analyst’s pointing out, explaining, and even teaching the client the meanings of behavior that is manifested in dreams, free association, resistances, defenses, and the therapeutic relationship itself.
- 45Free associationis a central technique in psychoanalytic therapy, and it plays a key
role in the process of maintaining the analytic framework. - 46Resistancea concept fundamental to the practice of psychoanalysis, is anything that works against the progress of therapy and prevents the client from producing previously unconscious material.
- 47The contemporary trends in psychoanalytic thinkingcontribute to the understanding of how our current behavior in the world is largely a repetition of patterns set during one of the early phases of development.
- 48Object-relations theoryhelps us see the ways in which clients interacted with significant others in the past and how they are superimposing these early experiences on present relationships.
- 49classical analytic techniques.The newer psychoanalytic theorists have enhanced, extended, and refocused
- 50social and cultural factors relational dimensions of therapyThey are concentrating on the development of the ego, are paying attention to the _________________and ____________ _____________that influence the differentiation of an individual from others, and are giving new meaning to the ________________ ____________ _______________.
- 51potential limitationA ____________________ ________________ of the psychoanalytic approach is the anonymous role assumed by some therapists.
- 52feminist perspectiveFrom a ______________ ________________ there are distinct limitations to a number of Freudian concepts, especially the Oedipus and Electra complexes
- 53COUNSELINGused to denote a relatively brief treatment that is focused primarily in behavior
- 54COUNSELINGtarget a particular symptoms or problematic situation and offers suggestions and advice and offers suggestions and advice for dealing for dealing it.
- 55psychotherapygenerally for longer-term treatment that focuses more on gaining insight into chronic physical and emotional problems.
- 56psychotherapyfocus is on the person's thought processes and how these may be influenced by past events such as that they cause problems in the present.
- 57counselorshort-term treatment
action and behavior focused
secondary process
offers guidance and support - 58psychotherapylong-term solution for recurring problems
feeling and experience focused
primary process
talk therapy and other therapeutic strategies - 59JOSEF BREUERFather of psychetherapy
- 60Biomedical perspective The Religious/Spiritual Perspective The Psychosocial Perspective The Feminist-Multicultural PerspectiveAlternative Historical-Cultural Realities:
Four Perspectives - 61Biomedical Perspectivethat this opening was a
treatment by a shaman or
healer to release an evil
spirit from the afflicted
individual’s brain
It involved a physical
intervention - 62prefrontal lobotomyBiomedical Perspective
the _______________ ___________
emerged as a popular
medical treatment for
patients with ‘‘mental
problems’ - 63The religious/spiritual perspectiveClergy, shamans, mystics,
monks, elders, and other
religious and spiritual leaders
have been sought for advice
and counsel over the centuries - 64The Psychosocial Perspectiveverbal interactions and
relationship alterations can
change thinking patterns,
mood, and behavior. - 65The Feminist-Multicultural Perspective likely simmered in the
background and operated
in indigenous cultures, - a
way of articulating its longterm existence - 66Personal Therapy for the CounselorCounselors can benefit greatly
from the experience of being
clients at some time.
_________ ____________can be
instrumental in healing the
healer. - 67Value impositionrefers to
counselors directly attempting
to define a client’s values,
attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors - 68congruentThe general goals of
counselors must be _____________
with the personal goals of the
client - 69Dealing with Anxiety Being Yourself and Self-Disclosure Avoid Perfectionism Being Honest About Your Limitation Understanding Silence Dealing With Demands From Clients Dealing with clients who lack commitment Tolerating Ambiguity Becoming Aware of your Countertransference Developing a Sense of Humor Sharing resposibility witht he Client Declining to Give AdviceIssues Faced by Beginning Therapists
- 70Dealing with Anxiety________ demonstrates that you
are aware of the uncertainties
of the future with your clients
and of your abilities to really
be there for them - 71Being Yourself and Self-DisclosureIf we are able to be ourselves in
our therapeutic work, and
appropriately disclose our
reactions in counseling sessions,
we increase the chances of
being authentic - 72Avoid PerfectionismYou will make mistakes,
whether you are a beginning
or a seasoned therapist - 73Being Honest About Your LimitationIt takes honesty to admit that
you cannot work successfully
with every client - 74Understanding Silence The client may be quietly
thinking about some things
that were discussed earlier or
evaluating some insight just
acquired - 75Dealing With Demands From ClientsTherapist often burden
themselves with the unrealistic
idea that they should give
unselfishly, regardless of how
great clients’ demands may be. - 76Dealing With Clients Who Lack CommitmentCounselors who omit
preparation and do not
address clients’ thoughts and
feelings about coming to
counseling are likely to
encounter resistance - 77Tolerating AmbiguityLearn to ___________tolerate the
_________ of not knowing for
sure whether your client is
improving, at least during the
initial sessions. - 78Becoming Aware of Your CountertransferenceBeginning counselors need to
learn how to “let clients go”
and not carry around their
problems until the next session - 79Developing a Sense of HumorBoth clients and counselors
can enrich a relationship
through humor - 80Sharing Responsibility With the ClientOne mistake is to assume
full responsibility for the
direction and outcomes of
therapy - 81Declining to Give AdviceCounseling should not be
confused with dispensing
information.
They would continually need
to seek our counsel for every
new twist in their difficulties. - 82COUNSELING AN OTHER THERAPEUTIC SKILLS THE HELPING RELATIONSHIPat least one of the parties
has the intent of promoting
the growth, development,
maturity, improved
functioning and improved
coping with life of the other
Rogers (1961) - 83COUNSELING AN OTHER THERAPEUTIC SKILLSTHE HELPING RELATIONSHIP
THE IMPORTANCE OF A CONSTRUCTIVE THERAPEUTIC ALLIANCE - 84❖the helping relationship must be established in a way that encourages client self-disclosure and motivation to establish and work toward the attainment of goals.THE IMPORTANCE OF
A CONSTRUCTIVE THERAPEUTIC ALLIANCE - 85STAGE 1: Relationship Development STAGE 2: Extended Exploration STAGE 3: Problem Resolution STAGE 4: Termination and Follow-upSTAGES OF COUNSELING
- 86Stage 4: Termination and Follow-up❖This stage is the closing stage of
the helping relationship and is
cooperatively determined by all
persons involved - 87Stage 3: Problem Resolution❖This stage, which depends on
information gained during the previous
two stages, is characterized by
increased activity for all parties
involved
❖The client’s activities focus on
reevaluation, emotional and cognitive
dynamics, trying out new behaviors
(both inside and outside of the sessions),
and discarding those behaviors that do
not meet goals - 88Stage 2: Extended Exploration❖This stage builds on the foundation
established in the first stage.
❖The counselor or therapist explores in
depth the emotional and cognitive
dynamics of the client, problem
parameters, previously tried solutions,
and decision-making capabilities of the
client.
❖There is also a reevaluation of the
goals determined in Stage 1 - 89Stage 1: Relationship Development❖ This stage includes the initial
meeting of the client and counselor
or therapist, rapport building,
information gathering, goal
determination, and informing the
client about the conditions under
which counseling will take place - 90(a) strategies that build rapport and encourage client dialogue, (BUILDING RAPPORT) (b) strategies that aid in data gathering, and (ESTABLISHING RAPPORT) (c) strategies that add depth and enhance the relationship (LEADS OF RESPONSES)STRATEGIES IN COUNSELING
- 91Rapport Building❖refers to a positive, comfortable
relationship between interviewer and
client.
❖“connectedness”
❖clients tend to disclose more
information
❖rapport is how an interviewer is
with client - 92Establishing Rapport:Engaging in small talk about
innocuous topics
Letting clients know that you
recognize their position and
appreciate their willingness to
participate communicates empathy
and enhances rapport - 93(LEADS OF RESPONSES)strategies that add depth
and enhance the relationship - 941. ATTENDING AND ENCOURAGING 2. RESTATING AND PARAPHRASING 3. REFLECTING CONTENT AND REFLECTING FEELING 4. SUMMARIZATION 5. GENERAL LEADS 6. REASSURANCE 7. SUPPOSITION 8. FACILITATION 9. REJECTION/CONFRONTATION 10. SELF-DISCLOSURE 11.PERCEPTION CHECKING 12.PROBINGLEADS OF RESPONSES ARE THE FOLLOWING:
- 95Attending and Encouraging❖These strategies use the
counselor or therapist’s posture,
eye contact, gestures, facial
expressions, and words to
indicate to clients not only that
they are being heard. - 96Restating and Paraphrasing❖ sounding board for the client by feeding back thoughts and feelings that the client verbalizes.
❖___________ involves repeating the exact
words used by the client.
❖_____________ is repeating the thoughts
and feelings of the client but in the words of the counselor or therapist - 97EXAMPLE OF RESTATING:Client: I don’t know why I do these dumb things. It’s almost as if I did not want a
relationship
Counselor/Therapist: You don’t know why you do dumb things. It may be that you don’t
want a relationship. - 98EXAMPLE OF PARAPHRASING:Client: I do want a relationship, but each time I get close I seem to do everything in my power to destroy it.
Counselor/Therapist: You are very sure that you want a relationship, but each time you have the opportunity you sabotage your chances. - 99Reflecting Content and Reflecting Feeling❖ By ______________ ___________, the counselor or
therapist shares his or her perceptions of
the thoughts that the client is expressing
❖By _________________ ___________, a counselor or
therapist goes beyond the ideas and
thoughts expressed by the client and
responds to the feelings or emotions behind those words. - 100EXAMPLE OF REFLECTING CONTENTClient: “Sabotage” is a good word. It’s like I see what I want, but instead of moving
toward it, I take a different path that leads nowhere.
Counselor/Therapist: You have a good idea of what you want, but when you see it developing, you turn and walk the other way. - 101EXAMPLE OF REFLECTING FEELINGClient: I am not sure “walk” is the right word. “Run” is more descriptive of what I do,
and all the time I’m looking back to see if anyone is following.
Counselor/Therapist: You’re afraid of getting close to someone, so you put as much
distance between the other person and yourself as possible. I also hear that you’re
hoping that someone cares enough about you to run after you and stop you from
running away. - 102Summarization❖A brief summary of the discussion
- 103EXAMPLE OF SUMMARIZATION❖“So far these are the things you have said…”
- 104General Leads❖This is an invitation to say more
- 105EXAMPLE OF GENERAL LEADS❖“Would you like to explain that further?
- 106Reassurance❖This is confirmed to thoughts that are safe
- 107EXAMPLE OF REASSURANCE❖“So far you are doing very well.”
- 108Supposition❖This is a light suggestion with consequences explored
- 109EXAMPLE OF SUPPOSITION❖“Supposed you did… what do you think would happen?
- 110Facilitation❖This is information-giving to explain what something means or
requires - 111EXAMPLE OF FACILITATION❖“The course of action you are thinking of requires you to …”
- 112Rejection/Confrontation❖This is a rejection of a claim made, based on tangible evidences
- 113EXAMPLE OF REJECTION/CONFRONTATION❖“What you are saying seems to be unsupported by what you said
…." - 114Self-Disclosure❖the counselor shares with the client his or her feelings, thoughts, and experiences that are relevant to the situation presented by the client.
- 115EXAMPLE OF SELF-DISCLOSURE❖Counselor/Therapist: (aware of the client’s agitation) The anger I hear in your
voice and words triggers anger in me as I think of my own lost relationships.
❖Client: (smiling) I am angry. I’m also glad you said that. Sometimes I feel like I’m the only one who ever felt this way
❖Counselor/Therapist: (smiling) I am very pleased with what you just said. At this moment, I also do not feel alone with my anger. - 116Perception Checking❖to request confirmation or correction of perceptions he or she has drawn regarding these words, thoughts, or feelings
- 117EXAMPLE OF PERCEPTION CHECKINGCounselor/Therapist: Let me see if I’m understanding you. Your view of
happiness is having someone who cares enough about you to spend time with
you and to allow you to be yourself. Am I correct? - 118Probing❖enable a counselor or therapist to gather information in a specific area related to the client’s presented concerns
- 119EXAMPLE OF PROBING❖Counselor/Therapist: I want you to be more specific about this “voice.”
Whose voice is it? What does it say to you - 120GENERAL LEAD
- 121REJECTION/CONFRONTATION
- 122REASSURANCE
- 123PERCEPTION CHECKING
- 124PROBING
- 125REFLECTING CONTENT
- 126FACILITATION
- 127❖Counselors must first show that they are paying attention with physical steps such as facing clients, leaning toward them, and making good eye contact ❖The process of __________ ____________ helps both parties clarify the content and feelings of a situation and is a learning process for each participantActive Listening
- 128❖why question typically sounds accusatory forces the client to account for his or her behavior ❖increase client defensivenessDon't Ask Why….
- 129❖What is your understanding of….. ❖How did it occur that …. ❖These options are more likely to result in description rather than a justification and to keep clients more centered on their emotion.Instead Ask…
- 130Behavior is purposeful and goal-directed; and consciousness, more than unconsciousnessfocus of Adlerian therapy
- 131abandoned Freud’s basic theories Adler’s theory starts with a consideration of inferiority feelings We are driven to overcome our sense of inferiority and to strive for increasingly higher levels of development At around 6 years of age our fictional vision of ourselves as perfect or complete to form a life goalVIEW OF HUMAN NATURE
- 132heredity nor environment early experiences, social learningHuman behavior is neither determined by ___________ nor _______________
Freud viewed people as being fixed by their __________ ____________ whereas Adler
believed people could change through ____________ _________. - 133phenomenological.Adlerians attempt to view the world from the client’s subjective frame of
reference, an orientation described as___________________ - 134Purposefulnesscornerstone of Adler’s theory
- 135Fictional finalismto refer to an imagined life goal that guides a person’s
behavior - 136The guiding self-idealrepresents an individual’s image of a goal of perfection, for which he or she strives in any given situation
- 137 Social interest and community feeling (Gemeinschaftsgefühl)are probably
Adler’s most significant and distinctive concepts. These terms refer to individuals’awareness of being part of the human community and to individuals’ attitudes indealing with the social world - 138sense of identification and empathy with othersAdler equated social interest with a
- 139belongWe are primarily motivated by a desire to
- 140(social task), (love–marriage task) (occupational task)The Life Tasks
Adler taught that we must successfully master three universal life tasks:
building friendships
establishing intimacy
contributing
to society - 141Adlerian counseling and therapy-rests on a collaborative arrangement between the client and
the counselor. - 142Adlerian counsellors-they provide clients with an opportunity to view things from a different
perspective, yet it is up to the clients to decide whether to accept an alternative perspective. They
work collaboratively with clients to help them reach their self-defined goals. They educate
clients in new ways of looking at themselves, others, and life. Through the process of providing
clients with a new “cognitive map,” a fundamental understanding of the purpose of their
behavior, counsellors assist them in changing their perceptions - 143Therapeutic process-focuses on providing information, teaching, guiding, and offering
encouragement to discouraged clients. - 144is to develop the client’s sense of belonging and to assist in the adoption of behaviors and processes characterized by community feeling and social interest.Main Goal of Therapy:
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- Psychology Flashcards on reviewer psy elect 4, created by Jayne Ree-anne Rodriguez on 22/11/2021.
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