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Flashcards

SS5602

Andrew Susilo Sport Science None English 36 cards

Cards in this deck (36)

  1. 1Motor development = build-up of movement abilities (block by block); continuous, age-related Changes driven by individual x environment x task constraints Developmental paradox: universality of predictable milestones vs individuality (even within individuals)Motor control = CNS control to permit skilled + coordinated movements
    Motor learning = permanent gains in motor skill capability associated with practice / experience; needs developed motor control
  2. 2Longitudinal study - track in same individual / group @ regular intervals over time; \ time-consuming, attrition, cohort-limited / inter-rater variability Cross study - individuals / groups @ chosen points within age span of interest; \ group-specific changes inferred based on assumptionsMixed-longitudinal study - differences + change over time as a result of development + age (eg different age groups + each group followed up 0.5y-1y later)
  3. 3Maturational theory: development as function of CNS, innate process driven by biological clock Individuating maturation - innate via genetic code \ external factors no effect Developmental direction principle: cephalocaudal / proximodistal.
  4. 4IPT: external input -> processor @ brain -> organism as output Stages of information processing: SI (visual / auditory / tactile / proprioception) -> RS (organisation + integration from past experience + decide ideal response) -> RP (transformation to motor programme).
  5. 5Ecology = scientific study of processes influencing distribution / abundance of organism + interactions + transformation / flux of energy and matter // study of complex dynamic relationships between organism x physical environmentEcological theory: organism xx environment xx task -> motor development / emergence of motor skills; one element may dominate \ other systems contribute
    Branches of ecological theory: DST (motor control + coordination from brain) // perception->action
  6. 6DST: coordinated motor behaviours softly-assembled over time / experience / environment; flexible, not hard-wired, non-linear, not based on motor program Newell's model: individual (structural / functional) x environmental x task constraintsRate limiters = systems within organism holding back / slowing down emergence of motor skills (eg lower limb muscular strength, perception-action timing, postural stability, proprioception)
    Applications of DST: explain changes in systems as a result of injury / disease / ageing
  7. 7Self-organisation = system organises into specific stable state when specific constraints present DST vs motor program views: dynamic interaction of constraints vs movement determined centrally Attractors = preferred ways of moving for stability (deep > shallow)Constraints = boundaries that influence movement capabilities \ may also enable movement
    Interaction of individual x environmental x task constraints -> perception<->action coupling -> self-organisation of movement (order parameter) according to specific control parameter values
  8. 8Perception<->action theory: emphasise interrelationship between perceptual x motor; evolve in tandem to afford movements Affordance = imposition of external / environmental object on individual Body scaling = change dimensions in relation to structural constraints.
  9. 9Practical applications with constraints-led approach (interacting constraints shape movement skill acquisition): manipulate task constraints (eg modified game) + develop learning environments with perception-action coupling via key sources of environmental information (to search for affordances)Manipulating task constraints: learner searches movement possibilities in relation to constraints, instructor creates learning environments around challenges by adapting movement solutions to task constraints
    Learners should not practice motor skills in isolation / non-context related
  10. 10Closed drills - isolated fitness work from skills (easy to monitor / quantify training load / skill repetition \ isolated skill from perceptual environment) Open drills - more game-like, include defenders (to adapt movement in response to others) \ more difficult to monitor and control for training load.
  11. 11Fertilisation = biological fusion of ovum + spermatozoon -> produce zygote Chorionic villi forms intersection between maternal x fetus circulatory system; maximum area of contact for diffusion of nutrients Fetus grows in amniotic sac (embryonic membrane)Development timeline: conception @ 1w -> embryonic @ 2w-8w (zygote receives nutrient from uterine wall -> blastocyst -> embryogenesis-> germ layers -> early sensory x motor synapses) -> early fetal @ 9w-28w (goal-directed movements @ 13w) -> late fetal (manoeuvre upside-down, decrease in fetal movements)
  12. 12Huntington's disease - affects muscle coordination -> chorea (involuntary, purposeless) -> later cognitive decline + behavioural symptoms; typically noticeable in mid-adult.
  13. 13Extrinsic factors affecting prenatal growth: nourishment / oxygen / industrial pollution / drugs (eg teratogens) / smoke / alcohol / abnormal abdominal pressure / viral infection / radiation / sudden change in atmospheric pressure / extreme internal temperature.
  14. 14Post-natal development - predictable pattern \ not linear (sometimes faster, others slower; sigmoid curve) -> affects development of movements / postural stability / motor actions @ individual level Use of growth charts: approximate norm percentiles to determine deviationRelative growth: different rates of growth of body parts / organs (eg head of newborn 1/4 total height, 1/8 adult height)
    Physiological maturation: tissues can advance without increasing size (eg heart), biochemical composition can advance qualitatively (relevant in RP)
  15. 15Other measures of maturation: dental age / secondary sex characteristics (eg axillary hairs / moustache / voice change) / skeletal age (commonly hand / wrist bones; may be race-specific).
  16. 16Human growth ends @ late teens / early 20s Influences on adulthood / ageing: lack of weight-bearing activities (leading to musculature wasting / bone weakening) / lack of calcium (leading to osteoporosis) / compression of connective tissues eg vertebral cartilage.
  17. 17Spontaneous movements - random, uncoordinated, generalised, no external stimuli; attempt to develop musculature of upper limb / lower limb / core eg supine kicking when laid on back Speculations: underlying rhythmical coordination in newborns, / as a starter for adult voluntary movements.
  18. 18Infantile reflexes (involuntary, stereotyped): primitive survival (for nutrition / protection / survival) / postural (thought to resemble adult voluntary movements); only present in infancy (some prenatally, disappear ~4-6mo), mediated sub-cortically Lifespan reflexes: eg knee-jerk / eye-blinkSurvival reflexes: moro (body drop -> extend + spread) / startle (subtle flex) / palmar grasp / plantar grasp (object touching ball of foot) / Babinski (upward stroke of sole -> toes extend + spread) / asymmetrical tonic neck; postural: eg labyrinthine righting (combination of visual + vestibular + somatosensory)
  19. 19Purpose of reflexes: survival (limited movement capabilities, dependent on others for care) / voluntary movements (early view of delayed reflex inhibition by CNS // contemporary view of relationship between reflex x voluntary movements).
  20. 20First voluntary movements (eg stability / locomotion / manipulation) - purposeless \ useful on hindsight Motor milestones: lift head -> lift chest with arm support -> roll over -> sit -> stand with support -> creep / crawl -> walk with support -> stand without support -> walkDevelopment of rudimentary movements: reflex inhibition <1yo (shift from reflex -> voluntary, higher cortical centers take over for sensory + motor systems better integrated) -> pre-control @ 1-2yo (practice of many rudimentary movements)
  21. 21Model of motor performance: reflex + spontaneous movements @ infancy -> rudimentary @ infancy -> FMS @ early childhood -> specialised skills @ childhood -> growth & refinement @ adolescence -> peak performance @ adulthoodMeasuring movement pattern development: qualitative (describes movement pattern eg jerky / smooth etc) / quantitative (measures performance change eg how far / how wide etc)
    Approaches of development: 3-stage approach / segmental assessment / total body assessment (5 stages)
  22. 22FMS = movement pattern with spatial + temporal regularity + relationship in movements (generic, basic elements, transferrable to different situations); acceptable levels of proficiency without high skill Progression influenced by maturation + task + environmentDevelopmental differences: between-child (genetic make-up / experiences) / between-pattern / within-pattern (components of same skill)
    FMS types: stability (dymamic balance / control trunk / axial upper body movement) / locomotion / manipulation
  23. 23Gender differences: boys before girls for throwing / kicking / striking; girls before boys for hopping / skipping Running: <2yo, girls + boys steadily increase speed (stride rate constant, stride length increase linearly); overhand throwing: ~2yo, girls + boys steadily increase, girls plateau offProgression of running: initial (short uneven steps, wide base, no flight) -> elementary (increase stride length, arm swing); overhand throw: initial (mostly elbow, finger spread, little rotation, feet stationary) -> elementary (ball behind head, no arm backswing, trunk rotate + flex, step on same leg)
  24. 24Practical applications of FMS development: monitor development + progression in sequence (make sure every child proficient?) + readiness for involvement in mor structured activities Relative age effect: second half birth month players disadvantaged with lower representation (advantage over group?).
  25. 25Specialised movement skill: movement pattern similar to early childhood with refinement -> significant change due to refinement + also growth and maturation during adolescence (growth spurt, most skills for power / endurance favouring boys >> girls difference) + experience in sports.
  26. 26Peak physiological function - ~25-30yo; females ~22-25yo, males ~28-30yo Male VO2 max > females -- maybe also because greater muscle mass Grip strength decline -- deterioration of muscle mass with ageing Sprint (type II) deteriorate faster than long distance run (type I)Inter-individual variation in peak performance: different systems peak @ different times in one vs someone else --> different peak efficiency of working together (including optimal movement pattern)
    Sports with high skill - peak ~30-40yo; strength / speed / endurance - ~20yo
  27. 27Age-related decline: decrements ~0.75-1% per year; 50% may be due to inactivity / lifestyle (decline can be delayed / reduced \ still inevitable, cannot be prevented) Chronological age = defined by calendar; physiological age = estimate of maturity via biological factors (subjective)Physiological ageing: reduced muscular strength / poorer flexibility / reduced cardiorespiratory function
    RT and MT - most obvious change; explained by CNS perspective (processing speed / connectivity / grey and white matter region) // muscular (type II fibers / metabolic functioning)
  28. 28Other age-related changes: postural control and balance (decline in vestibular / proprioceptive system) Compensation to increase stability: decrease velocity / decrease power @ push-off / increase double support / decrease stride length / increase width / out-toeingFactors contributing to falls: balance / sensory / increased RT / reduced muscular strength (cannot catch immediately before fall) / reduced joint mobility / medication / task demands / attention demands / disease / fatigue / change in walking pattern
  29. 29Perception = giving meaning to sensory information; perceptual-motor coupling = incoming sensory information + stored information -> motor performance Properties of sensory receptors: adequate stimulation, with intensity coding (temporal / spatial summation), adaptation (eg adrenaline blocks pain)Ascending tracts: dorsal column (proprioception / deep touch / vibration, fast) / spinothalamic (pain / temperature / light touch / stretch, slow)
    Transmission of somatosensory information: thalamus (integrate + filter + relay) / S1 / association areas (integrate from different sensory cortex areas)
  30. 30Touch receptors - cutaneous (information about pain / temperature / touch-pressure) / mechanoreceptors (different types of pressure / touch); uneven distribution (eg fingers vs legs).
  31. 31Proprioception = sensory information within body about limb / trunk / head position / movement; supplemented by vestibular system @ inner ear (needs gravity as point of reference) Role of proprioceptive feedback: determine position, plan before moving, modify during movement, learningMuscle spindles - within skeletal muscles, consist of sensory receptor + gamma neurons + intrafusal capsule, detect change in length + velocity, parallel with skeletal muscle fibers; GTO - @ muscle-tendon junction, detect change in tension; joint receptures - @ capsule / ligaments, detect force / rotation
  32. 32Rods vs cones: high vs low sensitivity, peripheral vs central, low acuity vs high acuity, more (100-120M vs 5-7M) Role of vision: feedback + feedforward (use information to prepare in advance of movement eg preparing for climbing steps / avoid obstacles / run-up / interception)Classic experimental study on balance: moving room --> perceptual confusion --> posutral adjustments; keeping head still as vital for high level performance
    Spotting = maintain steady head position by focusing vision @ 1 spot (important when body is moving)
  33. 33Movement preparation = brief period where movements prepared RT = stimulus to initiation of movement (movement preparation, includes premotor + motor) Foreperiod = warning to stimulus Production units = link between particular stimuli x particular responseCognitive-based model (feedback): uses prior experience from STM + LTM system (parallel processing @ SI) -> enact motor programs (more serial from RS onwards, more attention demanding) -> cycle repeats; ecological model - perceive opportunities directly in terms of affordance
  34. 34Types of RT: simple (one stimulus -x> one response) / choice (>1 stimulus, each has specific response) / discrimination (>1 stimulus, one response to one correct stimulus) / fractionated (separated into premotor / motor via EMG)Factors influencing RT: number of stimulus->response choices (Hick's law: RT increase logarithmically in CRT) / predictability (advance information makes anticipation easier \ with cost-benefit trade-off) / foreperiod consistency + optimal time (~1-4s best attention) / movement complexity
  35. 35PRP = delay in responding to second of two stimuli spaced closely together (eg feint from opponent followed by stimulus for real movement) Double stimulation paradigm: inter-stimulus interval must be right duration (too short - both at once, too long - complete both)Explanation for PRP: response to first stimulus -> bottleneck in RS / RP with minimal parallel processing -> need to wait for motor program to exit to start new motor program -> delayed response to second stimulus -> increased total time
  36. 36Age effects on RT: lower in early childhood -> improves up till ~20yo -> levels off through adulthood -> declines in older adulthood; can be delayed / reduced with practice / lifestyle.

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None Sport Science Flashcards on SS5602, created by Andrew Susilo on 18/04/2022.
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Andrew Susilo
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