Flashcards
Ethical research & the replication crisis
Cards in this deck (26)
- 1BPS Code of Human Research Ethics (2nd edition, 2014)General principles that are applicable to all research contexts with human participants
- 2BPS Code of Ethics & Conduct (2018)To guide all BPS members in their day-to-day professional conduct
- 3BPS Guidelines for Psychologists Working with AnimalsGuidelines for all members whose work involves animals
- 4Which key issues do the BPS guidelines cover?- Coercion
- Consent
- Deception
- Debriefing
- Withdrawal
- Anonymity & confidentiality
- Protection of participants
- Giving advice - 5CoercionParticipation in research is voluntary & they can leave anytime they want > they should not incur any penalties for not participating
Equally rewards should not be so great that they are coerced into taking part - 6ConsentWhenever possible, participants should have to give informed consent before taking part in the study
- 7Deception- Sometimes necessary as some things cannot be studied without it
- Also avoids demand characteristics
- Should be used sparingly & justified - 8DebriefingAllows participants to fully understand the research
- Deception MUST be disclosed in the debrief (what it was & why it was necessary)
- Mood repair tasks can be included if things like negative mood have been induced
- Additional sources of information/help can also be added if sensitive topics have been covered - 9Withdrawal- Participants can choose to revoke their consent at any point of the study
- They can also request for their data to be destroyed & excluded from the analysis - 10Anonymity- Wherever possible data should be collected anonymously
- Sometimes this isn't possible (interviews) > data should be anonymised in these cases & original data should be destroyed - 11Confidentiality- To do with who has access to your data
- This need is stronger for non-anonymised data
- Informed consent needs to include = whom you share your data with, how long you'll keep it, how you'll store it, GDPR requirements - 12Protection of participants- Participants shouldn't be subject to more harm than they would encounter in their daily life
- Contact details must be provided in order to deal with any complaints/unforeseen consequences - 13Giving advice- If a participant shows signs of mental or physical illness & does not appear aware, the researcher has a duty to inform them
- The researcher should however not give advice on serious issues unless they are specifically qualified - 14Limits to anonymity & confidentialityResearchers have a duty of care towards their participants = anonymity/confidentiality can be broken when the participant is:
- In danger (e.g., abuse)
- Indicates to be committing a crime > in some instances, admits to past crimes - 15Do you need informed consent for observational research?- In public spaces: No (people can expect to be observed anyway)
- In privately owned spaces (e.g., shopping malls or clubs): yes, consent would be needed from the owner - 16Research with vulnerable people * Which populations are considered vulnerable? *- Children younger than 16
- Prisoners
- People with diagnosed MHC - 17Research with vulnerable people- If someone cannot give informed consent, you need additional consent from a caregiver (e.g., a parent)
- Materials should be adjusted to fit your participants > a lack of understanding means NO informed consent - 18What ethical issues are there after data collection?- Plagiarism
- Duplication
- Data falsification
- Authorship violations - 19PlagiarismPassing off others' work as your own
- 20DuplicationTrying to disguise old work as new
- 21Data falsificationEditing data to give it a more favourable result or making it up entirely
- 22Authorship violationsDenying contributors credit or inventing fake co-authors
- 23Examples of Questionable Research Practices (QPRs)- Dropping participants from the dataset
- Dropping conditions from an experiment
- HARKing
- Running multiple studies but only reporting fewer/those you feel are favourable - 24What can QPRs result in?A replication crisis
- 25What is a replication crisis?People can publish effects that do not exist therefore subsequent studies looking for the same effect fail to replicate the results
- 26Reproducibility project- Replication attempts for over 100 studies were conducted
- 97% of original studies showed significant effects > 36% of replications did so
- Strength of effects were about 1/2 in the replications > 47% were comparable to the originals
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- Psychology (PS1813 - Research methods) Flashcards on Ethical research & the replication crisis , created by Sian Allen on 27/05/2022.
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- Sian Allen
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