Flashcards
Memory - Paper 1
Cards in this deck (36)
- 1Memory - Multi store modelConsists of :
sensory register
short term memory store
long term memory store - 2MSM key assumptionsSeperate and unitary stores
rehersal essential
linear model
own characteristic in stores for C,D,E
explanations for forgetting in each store - 3MSM+Controlled lab experiments on encoding,capacity and duration support existence of sepertate stores
+brain scan study shows difference between stm and ltm
-too simple, stm and ltm not unitairy stores as research suggest, like MSM stores broken into different ones based on memory type - 4Encoding, capacity, durationEncoding- how info processed- Sperling grid of letters, Baddely (dis)similar, acoustic semantic
capacity- how much remebered- Miller digit span, Bahrick LTM , face name, no help name, school friends + retrieval
duration - how long info remebered- peterson + peterson trigrams, distraction, 30 seconds - 5Sensory registerstimulus from the environment goes as information, either in form of iconic (sight) or echoic (sound)
- 6Sensory register (2)Capacity vast, duration 0.25 - 2 seconds
sperling- grid of letters flashed for .5 seconds, asked to write down all 12 items, whole grid recall 40%, one row 75%. shows info decay rapidly, duration low
+IV manipulated, cause + effect
+no extraneous varibles
-low ecological validity, ^ usually present - 7short term memoryIf attention is paid to sensory data, its transferred to the STM where it is stored for 15-30 seconds without rehersal (peterson + peterson)
- 8STM (2)The digit span test (miller) showed a list which got longer and asked prticpient to recall immediatly. majority had capacity of 7+/-2.
Lacks ecological validity, shows cause + effect, demand characteristics, variable control allows easy measure of stm - 9Primary recency effectPpl read list of words, recall immediatly or after distraction, recall of first(LTM) and last(STM) highest, recall for middles are low. after distraction recall of last and middle worse. immediate recall first word remebered as rehearsed(LTM) + last in stm and not displaced. after distraction memory decays as no rehersal.
- 10LTM (1)suggested unlimited capacity + duration- impossible to prove. Bahrick et al. 392 USA x-students (17-74). free recall 30% after 48yr + 60% after 15yr, photo recognition where 50 photos showed only few were classmates 70% after 48yr, name recognition, name and photo matching test 90% after 15yr
- 11LTM (2)Findings show mates rarely forgotten once cues given, supports LTM claims + cues better than free recall
+large sample size
+high ecological vaildity
- EV, cant control friendship after HS - 12LTM (3)Baddely, sound similar, dissimilar + mean same, mean different
12 set of 5 words, recall in order. recall immediate show STM error on sound same (10% correct comapred to different at 82%), LTM error after delayed recall on mean same. suggest stm uses acoustic code, ltm uses semantic code
-lacks ecological vaildity
+controlled
-demand characteristics - 13Clive Wearing CSCase study, used to investigate indivuals unique behaviour w in depth data , high ecological validity. cannot be generalised as based on small sample. can find LTM is not unitairy as remebers wife, piano, walk, talk
- 14Episodic, semantic, procedural memoryE- knowing THAT, memory of events, may recall context+associated feelings, time stamped
S-Knowing THAT+facts, may relate to knowing function of objects, social customs, language, tend to begin as episodic which built into general concept
P- skills, HOW, aquired thru repition and pracitce, can become automatic w out conscious awarness - 15Working memory modelReplaced idea of unitary STM. Suggest memory is system involving active processing and Short term storage of info. "working memory" = "STM". given name as more complex than unitary stores of MSM as it manipulates info to work out what to do with it
- 16WMM
- 17Central executivelittle known, "boss" of Working memory, selectivly attends some stimuli while ignore others + retrieve info for use in WM, has supervisory function, controls slave systems
limited capacity, can process info from any sensory modality - 18phonological looplimited capacity, temp storage system for verbal info in speech based.
- 19(PL) phonological storehold info either speech/sound related, short memory (2 second)
- 20(PL) articulatory control systemprocess for rehersal of info using sub vocal rehersal, keep in loop. e.g tune stuck in head as inner voice reherses
- 21visuo spacial sketch padlimited capacity, temp memory system holding visual and spacial info, manipulates visual info (imagine a thing)
Logie suggest can be broken into visual cache, temp store and inner scribe - 22episodic bufferadded by baddely, acts as general store for memories both visual and acoustic. works w all memory units intergrating info in additional limited storage space
- 23WMM case studyshallice and warrington - KF had brain damage, no ltm probs, only remember 2 items at a time + forgot auditory stimuli more than visual. suggest not just one stm but number of stores
not generalisable - 24dual task studiesaim to look at if we can or not do 2 thing at once. according to wmm we should if in 2 different elements. if both same element = overload limited capacity and cause impairment
- 25dual task p2baddely gave participents a tracking task , follow dot, along w imagery task involving capital letters. had to follow and respond to angle of shape. great difficulty as both involved visio spatial sketch
- 26WMM evaluation+influential, widely used
+more plausible, explain stm in temp and processing
+support from research
+explanatory power from dual task experiments - 27WMM evaluation p2-vague details on central executive, most important part little known
- complexitys accepted by baddely
- brain studies suggest central executive unitairy
- doesnt offer complete understanding of memory, focuses on stm
-berz criticised as able to listen to music without impeding other acoustic tasks - 28explanations for forgettinginterference- according to theory, F is caused by 2 memories competing. more similar the greater risk
- 29proactive interferenceolder memories effect recall of newer, more likely when similar
- 30retroactive interferencenew info effect recall of old
- 31baddely + hitch studyinvestigated wether interference better explanation than time, rugby team, asked to name team played in weekly fixture, some players injured and missed games, results showed time isnt better as injured players recall earlier games but others couldnt
- 32mcgeoch + mcodonaldsimilarity effects recall, retroactive, 10 words untill remembered 100% then another, study showed similarity negativly effected recall
- 33retrieval failureoccurs when not enough cues to prompt recall, que is stimuli to trigger memory recall, memories formed allongside embedded ques
- 34context dependent retrievalbaddely and gooden, identify if recall better when in same context as info remembered, divers asked to recall on land and water where remebered, best recall in place remembered
- 35state dependent retrievalcarter and cassidy, identify if recall is better when recalled in same state, prticpint given anit histamine. drugs made drowsy. matched nad mistmatched conditions, memory worse in mismatch
- 36—
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- A level Psychology Flashcards on Memory - Paper 1, created by Mackenzie Bailey on 22/04/2023.
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- Mackenzie Bailey
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