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Flashcards

11. Substance Abuse disorder

Reeth G Psychology English 41 cards

Cards in this deck (41)

  1. 1what is substance abuse?pattern of drug use in which people rely on a drug chronically & excessively — not for therapeutic reasons
  2. 2what is addictionbeing physically dependent on a drug in addition to abusing it
  3. 3what are examples of dangerous drugs?alcohol, cocaine, intravenous drugs, smoking, designer drugs
  4. 4why do people still take them anyway?highly addictive + positive reinforcement from the drugs
  5. 5when does the reinforcing stimuli have a greater effect?when it is immediately after the behaviour -- thus why heroin is preferred as it is more rapid
  6. 6for the neural mechanisms behind positive reinforcement, where does dopamine get released from?nucleus accumbens (NAC)
  7. 7which system of the brain does the process of addiction begin?mesolimbic dopaminergic system
  8. 8what is the part of the brain that is first affected by addiction?ventral tegmental area
  9. 9what do changes in the VTA lead to?increased activation of a variety of regions that receive dopaminergic input from the VTA -- such as the dorsal striatum in the basal ganglia
  10. 10what is the basal ganglia important for?instrumental conditioning
  11. 11what can synaptic changes be responsible for?compulsive behaviours that characterise addiction after continued use
  12. 12describe the functions of the dopamine pathway in contrast to the serotonin pathwaydopamine is for rewards as a motivator, serotonin for mood
    D = pleasure & euphoria, S = memory processing, sleep, cognition
    D = compulsion + perseveration
  13. 13what can a person develop over continued usage of a drug?tolerance to it -- need to take more and more due to decreased sensitivity to it
  14. 14what can this lead up to when trying to get off the drugs?withdrawal symptoms
  15. 15what can withdrawal be like?opposite effects to the drugs. If a drug calms you, you may feel anxious without it
    Results of the body trying to compensate for the disturbed homeostatic mechanisms
  16. 16what can the withdrawal symptoms serve as with continuing drug abuse?negative reinforcement
  17. 17when can a craving occur?over long periods of time after abstinence, even after years
  18. 18why can it occurdue to long-lasting changes to the brain caused by the drug, especially the prefrontal cortex & mesocortical pathway
  19. 19what can drug related stimuli elicit?a classically conditioned response
  20. 20what did Franken say cravings of drugs was a result of?attentional bias, can be cured by cognitive process & increase in dopamine in response to drugs
  21. 21dopamine plays a role in...positive reinforcement & cravings + relapse
  22. 22what does the PFC play a role in?inhibitory control & emotional regulation
  23. 23what is the most commonly used opiate & what costs does it bring?heroin - personal & societal
  24. 24what are some bad features of heroin?can be transmitted to unborn child :(
    tolerance = person takes more & more for high
    uncertainty of strength & what it can be mixed with
    needle use
  25. 25what are some of the effects with increased stimulation of opiate receptors in the brain?analgesia (smth to do with pain)
    hypothermia
    sedation
    reinforcement
  26. 26what is the similar effect cocaine & amphetamine have?blocking dopamine transport proteins/reuptake of dopamine
  27. 27but whats the difference in their sites of action?cocaine blocks transport proteins -- preventing reuptake
    amphetamine does the same, but directly stimulates release of dopamine from the terminal buttons too
  28. 28are rats more likely to die from cocaine or heroine? by how much?cocaine - 3x more likely
  29. 29what does the destruction of dopaminergic terminals or blocking receptors do?lose the reinforcing power of drugs
  30. 30what receptors does nicotine activate?nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
  31. 31what can damage to the unsula cause with smoking addiction?while it doesnt get rid of it, it can cause disruptions of the addiction
  32. 32what are the potential effects of alcoholmild euphoria
    disinhibition
    anxiolytic
    alcohol myopia
  33. 33what are alcohol's two major action sites?indirect agonist for GABAa receptors & NMDA receptors
  34. 34what is the reinforcing effect from alcohol thought to be due to?not just dopaminergic systems, but also endogenous opioids -- the receptors of which have been known to increase with abstinence as a craving effect
  35. 35without the suppressive effect of alcohol, what can the increases sensitivity in NMDA receptors cause?seizures... blocking these receptors can help prevent em
  36. 36what is korsakoff's syndrome?found in malnourished alcoholics, where they struggle to remember & encode due the damage to areas of thalamus risen from lack of B1 exacerbated by toxic effects of alcohol
  37. 37what is the key component in cannabis?THC - tetrahydracannabinol
  38. 38what mediates the psychotropic effects of THC?cannabinoid type 1
  39. 39what effect does THC have on the dopaminergic system?stimulating
  40. 40how much % of drugs vulnerability is attributed to genetic factors?40-60%
  41. 41what can blocking the CB1 receptors do?reduce reinforcing effects of heroin, morphine, cannabis, nicotine & alcohol

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Psychology (Brain & Behaviour) Flashcards on 11. Substance Abuse disorder, created by Reeth G on 28/05/2024.
Created by
Reeth G · May 2024
Updated
May 28, 2024
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