Flashcards
carbohydrates
Cards in this deck (30)
- 1define carbohydrates and its usual empirical formulaaldehydes or ketones with at least 2 hydroxyl groups
empirical formula -> (CH2O)n - 2define monosaccharides and their chemical structureunbranched carbon chains with single bonds. have one carbonyl group and hydroxyl groups for the other carbons
- 3what are some monosaccharide examples?glucose, fructose, ribose, galactose, manose
- 4define aldosemonosaccharide with a carbonyl group is at an end of the carbon chain
- 5define ketosemonosaccharide where the carbonyl group is at any other position than the end
- 6what are some common aldoses (monosaccharides)ribose, glucose, manose, glyceraldehyde, and galactose
- 7what are some common ketoses (monosaccharides)ribulose and fructose
- 8define epimerstwo sugars that differ by one chiral carbon
- 9define anomeric carbonthe carbonyl carbon in the ring of a sugar
- 10what are the two forms around an anomeric carbon?alpha -> OH on the carbonyl carbon is opposite the carbon 6 group, and it is below the ring
beta -> the OH on the carbonyl carbon is on the same side as the carbon 6 group, and it is above the ring - 11what is another name for a 6-membered ring? what about 5-membered ring?6 -> pyrannose
5 -> furanose - 12define o-glycosidic bondcovalent linkage (dehydration reaction) joining two monosaccharides that forms when a hydroxyl group (c4) of one sugar reacts with the anomeric carbon (c1) of the other
- 13what are some common disaccharideslactose, sucrose
- 14define reducing sugara sugar that has an anomeric carbon available for additional bonds
- 15define homopolysaccharidesingle monomeric sugar species
- 16define heteropolysaccharidestwo or more types of monomer
- 17what are the two types of polysaccharides and how they can form (not homo or hetero)unbranched and branched
- 18what are some polysaccharide examplesstarch, glycogen, celluose, and chitin
- 19what two polymers is starch composed ofamylose & amylopectin
- 20define amylosea molecule of unbranched chains of d-glucose. has regular c1 to c4 bonds
- 21define amylopectina molecule of branched chains of d-glucose
has regular alpha c1 to c4 bonds, but branched bonds are alpha c1 to c6 - 22what is the storage form of glucose in animals? what is its structure like?glycogen. branches occur at every 8 to 12 monomers
alpha c1 to 4 in unbranched
alpha c1 to c6 in branched - 23what polysaccharide makes up the cell wall of plants? what is its structure like?. what does this structure do to digestion?cellulose. it is a linear polysaccharide of d-glucose but the glucose is in the beta conformation. has beta c1 to c4 bonds. because it is beta, we cannot break it down
- 24what is chitin and what is its structure/bonds like?a polysaccharide used for structure (exoskeleton) that is made up of a linear chain of n-acetylglucosamine.
has beta 1 -> 4 bonds - 25what polysaccharide is used in the bacterial cell wall and used to prevent swelling and lysis of cells?peptidoglycan
- 26what is the extra cellular matrix (ecm)?complex of carbohydrates (heteropolysaccharides) and proteins (fibrous) outside animal cells that connect cells together and provide a substrate for the cells to grow
- 27what do esterified sulfate groups do?give a polysaccharide a negative charge which causes them to form rod-like structures due to repulsion. in the extra cellular matrix this gives it extra strength
- 28what are some molecule examples found int eh extra cellular matrix?hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid) (HUGE!), chondroitin sulfate , and heparin (has a lot of sulfur! which helps it to interact with proteins)
- 29what does d and l configuration mean?the symbol d or l designates the confirmation of the stereogenic carbon (the chiral carbon) that is the furthest away from the aldose or ketose group.
- 30if the OH group is on the left side of the chiral carbon (stereogenic carbon) what is its configuration? what about if OH was on the right?On the left -> L-configuration
On the right -> D-configuration
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- college biochemistry (exam 3: carbohydrates, lipids, & nucleic acids) Flashcards on carbohydrates, created by scout bolick on 05/11/2024.
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