Flashcards
Forensic Psychology
Cards in this deck (27)
- 1Offender profiling - Top-downDeveloped by the FBI in 1970's, from 36 interviews by sexually motivated offenders.
Found that there are two types: organised and disorganised.
Causes problems of having a schema of what to look for before looking at evidence. - 2Offender profiling - Top-down - OrganisedEvidence of planning.
Specific type of victim.
Suggest a detachment from feelings due to surgical precising of crime.
Linked with high IQ and social competence, tend to have a family.
Little clues left behind. - 3Offender profiling - Top-down - DisorganisedVery little planning.
Spontaneous crimes, impulsive.
Many clues left behind.
Linked with low IQ, low social competence, tent to live alone. - 4Offender profiling - Top-down - Constructing a profile1. Review the evidence
2. Classify the crime as organised or disorganised
3. Reconstruct the crime, figure out the series of events
4. Create a profile from that, background, characteristics, etc. - 5Offender profiling - Bottom-upDeveloped in the UK.
No real categories to look for, reducing possibility of schema changing answers.
Data driven, using evidence to find details.
Two forms:
- Investigative psychology
- Geographical profiling - 6Offender profiling - Bottom-up - Investigative psychologyUsing evidence from the crime scene(s) to figure out how the criminal may function day-to-day.
e.g. how rapists interact with victims may tell you how they feel about that group of people outside of crime. - 7Offender profiling - Bottom-up - Geographical profilingIf there's a connection between crimes, then this can be used to find the area a criminal operates in.
Marauder - criminal that acts near homebase
Commuter - criminal acts away from homebase - 8Offender profiling - Bottom-up - Constructing a profile5 things are attempted to be found:
- Personality traits
- Criminal history, if they've done crime before
- Homebase (Geographical profiling)
- Domestic and social characteristics
- Occupation and education - 9Explanations - Biological - Atavistic approachDeveloped 1876 by Lombroso.
Characteristics are linked with being a criminal.
e.g. narrow sloping brow, strong jaw, using slang
Wildly outdated and not used at all anymore due to use by eugenics movement and general counter evidence. - 10Explanations - Biological - GeneticsCrime is passed through genes.
Two candidate genes: MAOA (linked with aggression), CHD13 (linked with substance abuse and ADHD).
Research found 5-10% of finish crime was due to these genes. - 11Explanations - Biological - NeuralBrain structure caused antisocial personality disorder, which causes people to feel less emotions therefore feeling comfortable doing crime.
Research found a 11% reduction in grey matter within those who have APD.
APD linked with mirror neurons not working - causing low empathy. - 12Explanations - Psychological - Eysenck's theory (criminal personality theory)If certain personality traits are high enough, then they are more likely to do crime.
Three personality traits: Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism. Must be high in all 3
Measured via self report. - 13Explanations - Psychological - Cognitive - Moral reasoning3 levels of moral reasoning: Preconventional, Conventional, Postconvention.
Each develops as you age, but if you get stuck at level 1 then you may do crime as you do things for your own benefit. - 14Explanations - Psychological - Cognitive - Cognitive distortionsPeople having a distorted view of realty.
A few types:
- Hostile attribution bias (HAB)
- Minimalization
- blaming others for the crime - 15Explanations - Psychological - Cognitive - Cognitive distortions - Hostile attribution biasThe bias towards ambiguous actions being interpreted as hostile, causing a fight or flight reaction.
People with HBA may respond to normal actions with fight as they feel threatened. - 16Explanations - Psychological - Cognitive - Cognitive distortions - MinimisationToning down how much their actions impact other.
This leads to people doing crime as they think their actions don't impact others or do very little.
Helps with coping with their crimes as well. - 17Explanations - Psychological - Differential associationThe idea criminal attitudes and techniques can be learnt. Therefore, who you interact with can cause someone to be more or less likely to commit crimes.
Also helps explain reoffenders. - 18Explanations - Psychological - Psychodynamic - superego explanationsThe idea that if your superego does not develop normally it can cause you to respond differently to the word cand then go on to commit crime.
Three types: weak, deviant, and over-harsh - 19Explanations - Psychological - Psychodynamic - superego explanations - Weak superegoDeveloped weakly as there was no same sex parent present to develop from.
Leads to an out of control Id, causing you to commit crimes as you seek pleasure. - 20Explanations - Psychological - Psychodynamic - superego explanations - Deviant superegoDevelops if the same sex parent has criminal attitudes.
Therefore the superego may ignore some of the Id's criminal wants as it sees no issue with it. - 21Explanations - Psychological - Psychodynamic - superego explanations - Over-harsh superegoDevelops if you were harshly punished as a child, so the superego seeks out punishment for the smallest things.
Leads to crime as the superego wants to do things that cause you to get punished, and want a harsh one so does big crimes. - 22Dealing with offence - Incarceration - AimsDeterrence - make others not want to commit crime or commit crime again.
Incapacitation - stop criminals from being able to do crime.
Retribution - get justice for the crime.
Rehabilitation - get help to those doing crime to stop them from doing it more. - 23Dealing with offence - Incarceration - effectsMental health - higher rates of those in prison, can have long term effects, could be caused by being in prison.
institutionalisation - becoming accustomed to prison way of life, therefore cannot function out of it.
Prisonisation - adopting the prison ethics, posing a problem after getting released. - 24Dealing with offence - Incarceration - RecidivismGetting out of prison and reoffending.
This could be caused by the effects of incarceration as it could lead to them thinking crime is ok or just wanting to get back to the regularity prison was. - 25Dealing with offence - Incarceration - Behaviour modification - Token economiesUsing tokens which can buy rewards to condition a behaviour into someone.
See the Schizophrenia cards for more.
Not useful outside of prison.
Needs little training so is cheep. - 26Dealing with offence - Anger management - Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT)Used in prison to calm violent prisoners down.
Cognitive preparation - identifying what causes the anger
Skills acquisition - learning ways to stay calm
Application practice - role play to test the skills
Not useful long term, needs specialist. - 27Dealing with offence - Restorative justiceCriminal meeting with victim after or just before release.
Allows victim to move past the event, allows criminal to see their wrong doings.
Does not work for domestic abuse, needs both parties to consent and actually want to do it.
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- A level Psychology (forensic psychology) Flashcards on Forensic Psychology, created by Mrjiggles 17 on 05/12/2024.
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- Mrjiggles 17
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