Flashcards
Types of memory
Cards in this deck (18)
- 1What are the two types of long term memory? E = Tulving 1972 I = Cohen & Squire 1980
- 2What is episodic memory and which part of long term memory is it associated with?Episodic memory is part of explicit long term memory.
It is the storage and retrieval of specific events at a given time or place, for example your first day at school - 3What is semantic memory and which part of long term memory is it associated with?Semantic memory is associated with explicit memory.
It is the storage and retrieval of general knowledge/ facts without any connection to a time or place of learning. For example knowing that London is the capital - 4What is procedural memory and what part of long term memory is it associated with?Procedural memory is associated with implicit memory. It is the storage and retrieval of HOW to do things (motor and cognitive skills). For example knowing how to ride a bike.
- 5Are episodic and semantic memories entirely separate?No, many daily tasks require both episodic and semantic information. Also both episodic and semantic memories can be affected by those with Anterograde amnesia, which supports the idea the two may not be completely independent ( King et al 2004)
- 6Which study shows the distinction between semantic and episodic memory?Tulving 1989, injected participants with radioactive gold and asked them to think about childhood experiences whilst measuring blood flow.
Found high activation in frontal cortex when thinking about childhood experiences.
Found high activation in posterior cortex when thinking about historical facts. - 7Give evidence for distinction between declarative and procedural memory...Cohen & Squire 1980 argued amnesic patients have difficulty retaining declarative information after onset. However procedural memory appears to be unaffected. They can retrieve previous skills and learn new ones.
However, during visual search tasks which require binding information amnesic patients do not perform as well as controls (Chun & Phelps 1999). They only showed some implicit learning. - 8What is autobiographical memory?Events of personal relevance
Expands over lifetime
Deals with complex memories selected from collection of personal experiences - 9What is the lifespan retrieval curve?
- 10What is repression?Freudian idea that forgetting happens for a reason
We consciously choose which memories to forget
Thoughts and memories that are painful are forced out of consciousness - 11Evaluate the idea of repression...+ event specific amnesia (criminals unable to recall committing crimes)
+ recovered memories (sexual abuse in childhood)
- Difficult to validate
-Impossible to distinguish between an inability and an unwillingness to recall - 12What is the reminiscence bump?Bump peaks around 20 years old. COnway et al 2000, believes it reflects preferential retention of events. During those years memories are more focused on significant life choices. Social identity, relationships, life goals and career choice all play a role.
- 13What is reconstructive memory?Individual will draw on past experiences as well as current knowledge to reconstruct the memory, SCHEMAS. Bartlett 1932 - states people only remember a few striking details and during recall they reconstruct the missing info in accordance with their own expectations.
- 14What are flash bulb memories?Detailed memories of the circumstances under which one first learned of a surprising, consequential, emotionally involving event (Brown & Kulik 1977)
- 15Supporting evidence for flash bulb memories?+ Brown & Kulik 1977, 90% of people recounted FM that were relevant to personal horrifying events.
+ Conway et al 2008 found FM to be more detailed and accurate than ordinary memories. Half of 678 american ppts had perfect FM after 911. 75% near perfect recall a year later. Those with consistent FM experienced more anxiety in response to event. - 16Evidence that flash bulb memories may be constructed in first few days of event (rather than immediately)?+ Winningham et al 2000, studied recall of OJ Simpson verdict, and found that memories changed over first few days after hearing then became constant.
+Talarico & Rubin 2003, found inconsistencies over time (memory changed the day after 911 event) - 17What was the study by McCloskey et al 1988 into flash bulb memories?Interviewed participants shortly after the challenger disaster, and again 9 months later.
Found that accounts had changed over time. Many had forgotten elements and some recollections were wildly inaccurate.
suggest FM no more reliable than normal memories - 18Are flashbulb memories real?+ Cahill & McGaugh 1998 argue FM occur because of hormonal releases during times of high emotion. An adaptive response to make memories more vivid and thus easier to recall.
- Neisser 1982, argues FM are more vivid because they are rehearsed more and thus transfer to LTM
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- Degree Psychology (Memory ) Flashcards on Types of memory , created by Molly Macgregor on 05/01/2016.
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- Created by Molly Macgregor · Jan 5, 2016
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- Copied by Molly Macgregor · Jan 5, 2016
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