Flashcards
Developmental Psychology Test #4
Cards in this deck (58)
- 1Senescence signs (biological changes due to growing old)Happens as soon as growth stops
-Individuals age at their own rate, effects every part of the body visible and invisible
Chronological age less linked to physical age (real age not as linked to how you look)
-Variation in appearance, sense, and organ decline within and between persons - 2Primary agingInevitable age-related changes.
Normative developmental changes
Ex. Molecular and cellular changes - 3Secondary agingUn-inevitable age-related changes (behavior and society related)
Ex. Tanning, exposure to noise, stress
Many aspects of aging can be slowed or reversed. - 4Physical signs of agingSkin, thinning of hair and color, yellow nails, height and weight (mid 40's = reduction in height, lost in back), strength of joints and bones (lost in the back of legs first)
- 5Middle-age spreadTypical during adulthood. The fat that may accumulate around the areas of the abdomen and buttocks
- 6Physical signs of aging continuedVision: Difficulty viewing close objects (farsightedness). Most adults need reading glasses by their 60's. Harder to see when dark
Hearing: Decline starts around age 40.
*Men's hearing declines 2x faster than women's
What declines first?
Sensitivity to pure tones and high pitched speech. Adults can still hear lower-pitched sounds. - 7HealthCardiovascular system: heart is not as efficient at pumping blood. Arteries narrow, blood pressure usually rises.
Lungs: little change in lung capacity until later adulthood
Decreases susceptibility to colds, allergies, or flu. If sick, recovery takes longer - 8Chronic disorders*Arthritis is #1 chronic disorder
Disorders = slow onset/long duration
GENDER DIFFERENCES:
Men have higher incidence of fatal chronic conditions
Women have higher incidence of nonfatal chronic conditions - 9Health habits: ExerciseModerate to vigorous exercise is best.
Exercise has been associated with: Cognitive functioning and improved mental health
Factors associated with increase in likelihood of exercising:
-Personal commitment, addiction.
-Supportive friends
-Community environment - 10BMIBMI: Below 18.5 = underweight
25-30 = overweight (66% of adults)
30-20 = obese (33% of adults)
40 and above = morbidly obese (5% of adults)
Rates worst for: Ages 45-65 (3 out of 4 are overweight) - 11Health habits: ObesityMiddle adulthood weight gain = 2lbs year
Extra weight means at risk for:
-Heart disease, diabetes, stroke, arthritis
Metabolism slows between 20 and 50 by 1/3 - 12What is intelligence?Agreement: Some individuals are smarter than others.
Spearman= single factor, g (general intelligence)
Various abilities, vocabulary, memory, reasoning - 13Cross-sectional researchIntelligence gradually declines during middle adulthood. Younger adults score higher on tests of intelligence.
Intelligence peaks in late adolescence/emerging adulthood (20). - 14Longitudinal research (bayley and oden)Found that intelligence seemed to increase from at least 20 to 36 and even until 50.
Why different findings?
Difference in design and cross-sectional = cohort effect.
More recent generations = score higher on IQ's - 15Flynn effectAverage IQ has risen over past decades, average gain = 15 points
International phenomenon, recent cohorts outscore past cohorts
Iq tests are re-normed every 15 years. Need to answer more questions right to get the same score
Why the flynn effect?
Higher edu, technology, smaller family sizes, medical care - 16Cross-sequential research (seattle longitudinal study)Investigation of individual change and stability in intelligence across the life span.
Main abilities tested:
-Vocabulary
-Inductive reasoning
-Verbal memory
-Spacial orientation
-Number ability
-Perceptual speed
Middle adulthood: Four of the six intellectual habits highest
1. Vocabulary
2. Verbal memory
3. Inductive reasoning
4. Spatial orientation - 17Measuring health: MortalityDeath, usually refers to the number of deaths each year per 1,000 members of a given population
May vary by ethnicity, race, income, place, ect. - 18Measuring health: MorbidityRefers to illness and impairments of all kinds, acute and chronic, physical and psychological. Morbidity does not necessarily correlate with mortality.
- 19Measuring health: DisabilityRefers to the difficulty in performing "activities of daily life" because of a "physical, mental, or emotional condition".
Ex. people who cannot walk 300 feet without resting.
Disability-adjusted life years (DALYS) are one way to measure how impaired a person is because of a disability. - 20Measuring health: VitalityRefers to how healthy and energetic, physically, intellectually, and socially an individual feels.
A person can feel terrific but have a horrible disease.
High vitality= a lot of pain. - 21Fluid intelligenceShort-term memory, abstract thought, speed of thinking. Makes learning quick and thorough.
Decreases throughout time, age sensitive.
Ex. How fast can you press a button? - 22Crystalized intelligenceReflects accumulated learning. Vocabulary, general information.
Ex. Who's the president of the U.S.?
Increases over time. Age resistant.
These are often off-setting, as one decreases one increases, ect. - 23Three forms of intelligenceAnalytic, creative, and practical
- 24Analytic intelligence"Book smarts"
Abstract processing, strategy selection, focused attention, information processing, verbal and logical skills.
Valuable: In early adulthood - 25Creative intelligenceIntellectual flexibility and innovation.
Valuable: life circumstances, change or new challenges - 26Practical intelligence"Street smarts"
Everyday problem solving skills
Valuable: Middle adulthood - 27Selective gains and lossesAdults make choices about intellectual development
- 28Selective optimization with compensationSeek balance in lives. Optimize development through compensation. Look for ways to compensate for losses.
All abilities= enhanced or diminished depending upon use. (Select certain aspects of intelligence to optimize and ignore the rest).
Expertise is one way this is demonstrated.
Selective expert= develop some areas and pay less attention to to other areas - 29ExpertiseInvolves having intense knowledge or understanding of a particular domain.
Can be contributed to by:
Learning, experience, and effort.
Intuitive- accumulated experience helps solve problems
Automatic- process information and analyze more efficiently
Strategic- Better strategies and shortcuts
Flexible- more creative and flexible - 30Erikson's Psychosocial stages of adulthoodIdentity vs. Role diffusion (adolescence)
Intimacy vs. Isolation (early adulthood)
Generatively vs. Stagnation (Middle adulthood)
Integrity vs. Despair (Late adulthood) - 31Eric recognized thatAge boundaries in adulthood are flexible and there is movement across the stages.
Stages are not entirely orderly and predictable.
Many theorists describe the psychosocial needs of adults..
Reach similar conclusions: "Love and work" - 32The social clockTimetables for parenthood marriage and the like. Once said age 30 was too old to have a kid
- 33"Midlife crisis"Supported period of unusual anxiety, self-reexamination, and sudden transformation that was once widely associated with middle age but that actually had to do more with history than chronological age
- 34The big five personality traitsExtroversion: Outgoing, assertive
Agreeableness: Kind, helpful, caring, generous
Conscientiousness: Organized, conforming, self-disciplined
Neuroticism: Anxious, moody, self-punishing, critical
Openness: Imaginative, curious, artistic, open - 35Gender convergenceGender restrictions loosen, men and women may explore opposite feelings and emotions.
This could lead to...
Gender convergence: Sexes become more similar in manifestation of some traits - 36Why gender convergence?Biological- Hormone levels may change
Cultural- Norms may become less restrictive
Psychoanalytic- Men explore "feminine" side and vise versa
Historical- "The times are a changing" - 37Generativity vs. StagnationGenerativity: Productive in a meaningful way, caring for others and giving to the next generation. Common way to satisfy: employment and parenthood
Stagnation: Personal impoverishment. Stop growing and developing - 38Work in adulthoodExtrinsic: Salary, pension
Intrinsic: Job satisfaction, pride, self-esteem
Younger adults want jobs with extrinsic rewards, as adults age they want jobs with intrinsic rewards - 39Social convoyIndividuals who move through life together who guide encourage and socialize each other
- 40MarriageGeneral trend: Satisfaction at first, less for 10 years (CHILDREN), and then more satisfaction throughout middle adulthood years.
Marriage in Middle adulthood:
Better adjusted, satisfied because children. - 41DivorceAlmost 1 out of 2 end in divorce
Most likely to occur within first 5 years.
Impact: Reduced income, severed friendships, weakened family ties - 42Re-marriageAbout 50% of marriages are re-marriages for at least one spouse.
Men more likely to remarry than women.
Second marriages = higher risk for divorce - 43Life span and life expectancyMaximum life span: 120-125 years
Average life expectancy: Average number of years age group is likely to live. Today, 77. Has been increasing
Males: 74 Females: 80 - 44The young, the old, and the oldest oldThe "young" old- 65-74 years. Largest group, healthy active
The "old old"- 75-84.
Some losses, body and mind
The "oldest old"- Dependent on others, illness and injury. Smallest group. - 45The oldest oldFemale
Higher rates of morbidity and a greater incidence of disability
Living in institutions
Less likely to be married
More likely to have low educational attainment <- most likely to change, are getting greater education - 46Physical developmentSkin: First sign of aging, age spots
Hair: Correlates with chronological age
Body shape and muscles:
Shorter and lighter, redistribution of fat. Gone: arms, legs, upper face
Appear: Torso, lower face - 47Sensory changes: VisionCataracts- thickening of the lens, cloudy distorted vision.
Glaucoma- Buildup of fluid in eye, blindness. Drops for eye is cure
Senile macular degeneration, no cure. By age 80, 1 in 6 experience - 48Sensory changes: HearingPresbycusis: Age-related hearing loss
Every adult affected in some way.
Tinnitis: Uncorrectable, buzzing or ringing in ears. 10% of older adults. Sometimes will keep T.V. or radio on to drown out buzzing - 49Major body systemsImpacted by past health habits and current health habits and exercise.
- 50Theory of aging: Wear and tearBodies wear out over time. Women not been pregnant = longer lives
Overweight = sick and die early
Body parts are able to be replaced - 51Theory of aging: Genetic agingInherited life span. Life expectancy has increased. Life span has probably stayed the same. Over time, primary aging influences development
- 52Theory of aging: Cellular agingNormal cell duplication. Allows aging due to errors in duplication. Inexact replications of cells result in aging.
- 53Sensing and perceivingSmall reductions- sensitivity, power
Less adapt: repeating words, holding an afterimage
Sensory threshold: biggest issue. Decline of sensory input to sensory memory.
Intellectual handicap: People aren't aware they are missing anything - 54Active memoryWorking memory is most impaired.
Working memory stores information, processes information. Most likely to decline with age. - 55Long term-memoryStorehouse for all knowledge. Unimpaired in older ages (vocabulary and areas of expertise)
What is remembered better over time: Happy events between ages 10 and 30
Emotions of events rather than facts
Source amnesia is common, forget who or what is the source of info/knowledge - 56Control processesRole: "Regulates the analysis and decision making"
Planning ahead deficits. Without adequate control processes it is difficult for adults to regulate explicit memory. - 57Explicit memoryLearned information, conscious recall.
Memories more difficult to recall, decline with age.
Explicit memory becomes impaired. Ex. Driving somewhere but not sure where they are going. - 58Implicit memoryAutomatic memory (skills and routines)= unconscious recall
Memory may not decline with age.
Ex. your ability to walk