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Depth Studies Evidence

Big Dave History AS - Level English 64 cards

Cards in this deck (64)

  1. 1DEPTH STUDY ONE: Early radical reformers (1780-1829)N/a
  2. 2Why was there no significant parliamentary reform 1780-1800?- No championing of reform in govt. Burke wanted streamlining. Pitt proposed reforms 1783 & 1785 but these defeated and he doesn't seem bothered
    - Fear of French revolution (1789)
    - Government crackdowns on radicals
  3. 3Why was there no significant parliamentary reform 1800-1832?1820 - lower unemployment, growing prosperity
    - Tories in power since 1812 - anti reform
    - MC hostile to radicalism esp after Spa Fields 1816
    Inconsistent wc support
    - Disorganised radical leadership
    - Differing radical aims - Benthamites & Francis Place wanted middle class householder suffrage. Bamford, Cobbett, Cartwright wanted 'one man, one vote'
    - Disagreeing radical tactics - Place & Benthamites wanted constitutional protest - Spa Fields 1816 described as 'miscreants and fools'. Spenceans involved in Spa Fields & Cato St. Conspiracy 1820
    - Radicalism seen as unpatriotic during French wars (1803-1815)
  4. 4What are some influences on early radicals- 1791 &1792 - Thomas Paine's Rights of Man sold 200,000 copies of volume 2 in one year. Inspired many radicals
    - 1770s - US war of independence along with FR showed possibility for change
    - Economic downturns e.g. 1816 following French Wars end
    - Increasing awareness of inequality
  5. 5What were the impacts of French revolution (1789)- 1790 - Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France opposed it
    - Strengthened some govt. opposition to reform, made reform seem linked to violence
    - Created idea of 'reform to preserve', some reform to ensure survival of system
    - Inspired some radicals
  6. 6What were the aims of the early radical reformers?Enfranchisement
    - Benthamites & Francis Place wanted middle class householder suffrage
    - Bamford, Cobbett, Cartwright, Hunt wanted 'one man, one vote'
  7. 7What are some tactics of the early radical reformers- Organisations - London Corresponding Society (formed 1792, effectively ended 1794), Hampden clubs (set up locally 1816, banned 1817)
    - Books - Paine's Rights of Man (1792, sold 200,000 copies in one year)
    - Newspapers - Cobbett's politcal register (circulation of 200,000 by 1817)
    - Large meetings - Peterloo 1819 well-organised
  8. 8What was the government response to early radical reformersUse of repressive measures throughout. Dealt with symptoms but not the desire for reform. Largely successful.
    - 1793 - Arrest of LCS delegates and use of troops
    - 1794 - suspension of habeas corpus
    - 1795 Seditious Meetings Act restricting meetings
    - 1795 Treason Act redefined treason to include any attempt to 'intimidate or overawe' either House
    - 1817 Gagging Acts banned secret oath clubs
    - 1819 - Six Acts (prohibited arms, restricted meetings & freedom of the press)
    - 1819 Newspapers & Stamp Duties Act, made stamp duties wider appicable and more expensive. Reduced newspapers & pamphlets profitability
  9. 9Who were the key early radical reform leadersEVIDENCE
    - Cobbett - effective, Political Register had circulation of 20,0000 by 1817, seen as 'impudent, vulgar' - Hunt, didn't get on well with others
    - Hunt - influential speaker, charismatic (Peterloo)
    - Cartwright - Hampden clubs replaced LCS, but closed down too fast (1817, only spread in 1816)
    - Paine - Wrote Rights of Man (1791 & 1792, sold 200,000 copies in one year), influential, but not active as a leader, fled to France 1792
  10. 10What are some successes of the early radical reformers?- Able to organise large protests e.g. Peterloo 1819
    - Able to capitalise on propaganda opportunities e.g. Peterloo massacre 1819
  11. 11What are some failures of the early radical reformers?- Didn't achieve goals
    - Varying goals
    - Disorganised
    - No consistent unified group
    - Leaders disagreed
  12. 12Why did the early radical reformers fail to achieve their aims?- Strong government response
    - Leaders disagreed
    - Lack of support
    - Poor organisation
    - No consistent central organisation
  13. 13What is the historical significance of the early radical reformers?- Not very effective
    - An example of radicalism perhaps?
    - Applied pressure to make 'reform to preserve' necessary?
    - Bristol riots etc 1831 applied pressure to Wellington's government and caused it to collapse, immediately preceding act
  14. 14Why was there no significant parliamentary reform 1780-1832? SUMMARY- Government attitudes (not interested in reform, Pitt. French revolution 1789, fear of revolution)
    - Government actions (crackdowns 1819 Six Acts, 1794 Habeas corpus suspended, 1795 treason act redefined)
    - Failures of radicalism (Spa fields 1816, Hunt calls cobbett impudent, vulgar, no long lasting group: LCS gone by 1796, Hampden clubs by 1817)
    - Wider factors (French wars 1802-1815, reform seen as unpatriotic. Economic downturns 1816. People not very politically minded)
  15. 15DEPTH STUDY TWO: Chartism (1830-1850)N/A
  16. 16What were the aims of the chartists?Fixed goals of Six Points:
    - Right to vote for all men over 21 (unless criminal or of unsound mind)
    - Secret ballot
    - Abolition of the property qualification for MPs
    - Salaries for MPs
    - Equal population boundaries for seats
    - Yearly parliamentary elections
  17. 17What factors led to the emergence of Chartism by the late 1930s?- Radical reform ideas had not disappeared (Lovett's London Working Men's Association 1836, moderate ambitions for skilled workers, proposed Six Points; 1836 govt. reduced stamp duty so radical publications cheaper)
    - WC disappointment with 1830s Whig govt. (Tolpuddle martyrs transported 1834, 1833 Factory Act only stopped under 9 child labour and 9-18 only work 12 hours a day NOT ENOUGH CHANGE, Poor Law Amendment act 1834 introduced workhouses)
    - Economic factors (cyclical trade depressions 1838-50
  18. 18What are some influences on the chartists?- Early radical reformers
  19. 19What are some Chartist tactics?Mostly legal
    - Shows of force (1839 Newport Rising, 10,000 chartists surrounded Welsh hotel in which chartists imprisoned, turned into riot in which 22 killed by army, Birmingham Bull Ring Riots 1839 develop from rally, 1842 Plug plot riots - some chartists take part in Lancashire/Yorkshire)
    - Petitions (1839, 1842, 1848)
    - National Convention (1839, delegates elected to central Chartist Convention. Thousands in attendence, discussed tactics but disagreed)
    - Exclusive dealing (boycotting non-chartist businesses)
    - Newspapers (O'Connor's Northern Star)
    - Railway used to transport copies of papers
  20. 20What were the Chartist petitions?- 1839 Petition - 1.3million signatures (1/3rd women) presented by MP Attwood, rejected 235 votes to 46
    - 1842 Petition - 3.3million signatures, time of economic hardship, mass unemployment, rejected 287 votes to 49
    - 1848 Petition - 5.5 million signatures (less than 2 million genuine) time of general depression 1847, fall of French monarchy 1848. Preceded by Kennington Common rally (25,000 turned up instead of 200,000. Home office had 150,000 special constables, O'Connor abandoned rally & got cab to parliament), humiliated Chartists & govt. refused to consider
  21. 21What was the government response to the Chartists?More restrained, Napier (4000 troops in north) believed in not using too much force to strengthen chartists
    - Arrests of leaders (1839 Bull ring, 1842 plug plot)
    - Use of police (Bull Ring 1839, had to use army as well)
    - Permitted petitions but defeated them in commons
    - Shows of force (150,000 special constables, 8000 troops for Kennington C. made chartists look weak. "We have the physical force, not they" - Napier)
    - Used trains to move police & troops, telegram to send messages (1840s)
  22. 22Who were the key Chartist leaders?- Lovett - founded LWMA 1836, precursor to chartism. Arrested 1839 following bull ring riots. Marginalised after 1842
    - O'Connor - popular in the north, founded Northern Star 1837, successor to cobbett. National Charter Association 1840 largely based on his ideas (within 2 years had 400 associations, membership of 70,000 seen as first wc party). Released from prison 1841 to triumphant tour. Strong, charismatic speaker. Support of force perhaps alienated mc. Arrogant 'rabble rouser'
  23. 23What are some successes of the Chartists?- Three petitions commanded lots of signatures, 3 million at 1842 peak
    - National Charter Association 1840 (within 2 years had 400 associations, membership of 70,000 seen as first wc party)
    - organised, able to have elected delegates
  24. 24What are some failures of the Chartists?- Focus on Six Points - prevented co-ordination with other groups (CSU 1842, anti-corn law league before 1846)
    - Disagreements over tactics (moral vs physical, broke up 1839 convention)
    - Lost support (mc through force by 1838- newport, women by not using them - after 1840 no roles for women in NCA, lack of support in London & non-industrial areas)
  25. 25Why did the Chartists fail to achieve their aims?- Government tactics
    - Government reforms reduced support (1846 repeal of corn law, 1842 Mines Act banned women & children under 10, 1844 Factory Act)
    - Loss of support (1939 questionnaire revealed 21/23 local associations that responded not bothered about the vote; mc support lost by associations with force; never accessed Irish support; alienated women by reducing their role)
    - Wider factors (depressions 1842, 1847)
    - Poor organisation (1839 convention broken up by arguments between PHYSICAL & MORAL force chartists; CSU collapses after O'Connor refuses to work with it)
  26. 26What is the historical significance of Chartism?- Large-scale popular movement
    - Petitioning
    - Electing delegates
    - NCA 1840 seen as first wc party
  27. 27DEPTH STUDY THREE: Anti-CDA campaigns (1862-1886)N/A
  28. 28What were the Contagious Diseases Acts?1864 - CDA authorised police in 'subjected districts' (e.g. garrison towns, ports) to arrest suspected prostitutes to register them and ensure medical examination by military doctors, could be detained for up to three months in 'lock hospitals'. Positive reception
    1866 - Second CDA widened scope of the law and more military areas subjected. Introduced a fortnightly inspection & examination of known prostitutes by 'medical police'
    1869 - Third CDA - added five new 'subjected districts', extended imprisonment up to nine months. Mounting resistance
  29. 29Why were the Contagious Diseases Acts introduced?- military health concerns (586/60,000 soldiers on average in hospital daily) highlighted by Crimean War
    - Victorian morality accepted prostitution as necessary but abhorred it, thus wanted improved health and deterrence to women become prostitutes
    - health concerns in society
  30. 30Why did the anti-CDA campaigners want them repealed?- act may have caused prostitutes to move to other areas, potentially spreading disease
    - seen as condoning prostitution
    - examinations & imprisonment of prostitutes viewed as violating and cruel e.g. use of speculum
    - police often mistook non-prostitutes for prostitutes, subjecting them to humiliating treatment
  31. 31What are some influences on the anti-CDA campaigners?- Early radicals
    - Chartists (for involvement of women)
  32. 32What were the aims of the anti-CDA campaigners?Repeal of the CDAs
  33. 33What was the LNA?Ladies National Association for the repeal of the CDAs, formed 1869 by Wolstenholme
    - led by Butler
    - one of the primary anti-CDA groups
  34. 34What are some tactics of the anti-CDA campaigners- over 18000 petitions with 2.5 million signatures total 1870-86
    LNA:
    - influenced elections to hamper the chances of pro-CDA candidates (Henry Storks loses Newark election 1870 because of LNA)
    - drew attention to mistaken identity cases, attracting wider support (1875 Miss Percy suicide after mistaken for prostitute useful propaganda)
    - supported prostitutes (early 1870s, LNA funded prostitutes legal fees when they resisted)
  35. 35What was the government response to the anti-CDA campaigns?Largely allowed to protest
    - 1871 Royal Commission found that conditions had improved for many prostitutes. Reduced disease. Prostitutes not allowed to give evidence
    - supported CDAs with evidence (possibly inaccurate), such as that health & self esteem of prostitutes improved. Syphilis hospital admission rates for soldiers reduced from 194/1000 to 39/1000
  36. 36Who are some key anti-CDA campaign leaders?- Elizabeth Wolstenholme - formed LNA 1869, getting 2000 signatures in a protest. Radical Feminist, too radical to lead LNA. Refused to comply with gender norms, not taken seriously. Refused to let Florence Nightingale or Harriet Martineu lead as they were unmarried & childless
    - Josephine Butler - respected in society, strong willed charismatic leader of LNA. Founded refuge for 'fallen' women, refused to blame them. Opposed CDAs on moral grounds. Little knowledge of conditions in subjected areas. Opposed CDAs rather than wanted better conditions for prostitutes.
    - James Stansfield - responsible for organising LNA, leading radical MP, reshaped movement into effective pressure group. Changed argument from moral to pragmatic by using scientific facts, encouraged National Medical Association campaigns against CDAs in 1880/82 Seen by some as a threat to movement as he was male.
    - Henry Wilson - leader of Northern Counties League, radical mp. Good organiser, had support of libs. Butler didn't like his ideas of CDAs as problem for all society
  37. 37Who are some success of the anti-CDA campaign?- range of tactics prevented easy counter
    - dedication & persistence (Butler travelled 3700 miles & spoke at 99 meetings, LNA members prayed outside parliament all night YEAR)
    - attacked the CDAs from a moral perspective, arguing that it condoned prostitution, which was difficult to counter
    - had support in Parliament e.g. James Stansfield, who got the act repealed in exchange for support over Ireland 1886
    - focussed aim
  38. 38Who are some failures of the anti-CDA campaign?- Repeal candidates split the liberal vote, causing conservatives to win (1870, Newark)
    - Only had influence over lib. MPs, thus when cons. in govt. 1874 influence is diminished
    - failure to draw wc support in subjected areas
    - used petitions but these had little effect
    - funding legal fees of non compliant prostitutes was very expensive and ended by 1872
  39. 39Why did the anti-CDA campaigners succeed?- had support in Parliament e.g. James Stansfield, who got the act repealed in exchange for support over Ireland 1886
    - dedicated
    - range of tactics
    - govt. didn't crack down on protest
    - govt. had bigger concerns by 1886
  40. 40What is the historical significance of the anti-CDA campaigners?- first example of a successful women's movement
    - motivated women to take an interest in politics
    - broke social taboos - women discussing sex & politics
    - campaign highlighted sexual double standards in society
  41. 41DEPTH STUDY FOUR: WSPU (1903-1914)N/a
  42. 42Why had women not been enfranchised before 1903?- women's suffrage was not a mainstream issue until the early 20th century
    - social attitudes still confined women to the home
    - ammendment to 1884 Reform Act to include 100,000 women wrecked by Gladstone
    - 1886-1892 women's suffrage not debated once in parliament
    - NUWSS established 1897 but its tame tactics (avoiding public meetings, election interference, appeals, tactics that had worked for anti-CDA campaigners) did not make much impact in society & parliament
  43. 43What were some influences on the WSPU?- anti-CDA campaigners such as LNA (formed 1869)
    - NUWSS formed 1897
    - by 1900 all children had education up to age 18. women increasingly educated & professional, although can't be lawyers and bankers
  44. 44What were the aims of the WSPU?Enfranchisement of middle-upper class women
  45. 45What are some tactics of the WSPU?- 1905 - militancy begins with heckling at meetings. media & govt begin paying attention
    - 1909 - arrested suffragettes go on hunger strike when they are not considered political prisoners after 1908 SUCCESS as the strikers were often released
    - 1908 - Downing street windows smashed
    - 1910 - 'Black Friday' march to parliament of 2300. suffragettes are assaulted by police
    - 1911 - houses burned down, windows smashed, paintings in galleries slashed
    - 1913 - EWD dies at Epsom, useful martyr
    - 1914 - suspend militancy during WWI & become patriotic
  46. 46What was the govt. response to the WSPU?Over period: cracked down on legal protesting rights (banned public meetings, censored press, raided suffragette homes)
    - 1909 - hunger strikers force fed - made the govt. look very cruel
    - 1909 - Geoffrey Howard private members bill proposed universal suffrage based on 3 month residency NOT REPRESENTATIVE OF ALL GOVT
    - 1910 - 'Black Friday' marchers assaulted by police, they may have been instructed to humiliate & assault them
    - 1910 - First concilliation bill (drawn up by MPs & NUWSS) fails second reading, doesn't make it to parliament
    - 1911 - Second concilliation bill makes it through second reading (255 votes to 88) but rejected
    1912 - Third concilliation bill defeated in second reading (222 votes to 208) showing loss of parliamentary support
    - 1913 - 'Cat and Mouse Act' disarms hunger striking but makes the govt look cruel
    - 1913 - speaker of commons intervenes to stop amendment to Franchise Bill, Asquith calls it a 'great relief'
  47. 47Who are some key leaders of WSPU?Emmeline Pankhurst - influential speaker, inspired many to join movement, adored by many. Largely a figurehead, less active in running WSPU. Involved in initially founding and active throughout lifespan. Some experience of militancy, orchestrated split from Labour movement
    Christabel Pankhurst - adored by many, a heroic figure, inspirational. Personally involved in militancy, conceived 1905 militant campaign, deliberately got arrested 1905 by shouting at lib. meeting, cared only about mc-uc women
    Sylvia Pankhurst - regularly opposed other members & was less respected, resilient through multiple arrests & hunger strikes, designed the WSPU banners & flags & gifts, left WSPU in 1914 and caused East London Federation of Suffragettes to split from WSPU, with ELFS she focused on wc women & wider social issues
    - Emily Wilding Davidson - NOT A LEADER, rogue protester, protested full time after 1908, died at Epsom 1913 & became useful matyr
  48. 48What are some successes of the WSPU?- leadership allowed fast, efficient decision making
    - leaders personally involved in militant action - CP devises 1905 militancy campaign, interupts Liberal MP Sir Edward Grey's speech, & gets herself arrested by spitting on police
    - effective at attracting media attention, the WSPU was impossible to ignore (unlike NUWSS), although only Guardian supported suffrage & many papers criticised militancy
    - SP designed flags, merchandise to spread word
  49. 49What are some failures of the WSPU?- pankhursts operated the WSPU on an authoritarian, undemocratic basis, which was hypocritical for a movement seeking enfranchisement for women
    - only interested in votes for middle-upper class women, refused to work with ILP, expelled SP in 1914 for working with ELFS for wc suffrage
    - perhaps alienated support 1912-14 for excessive militancy, meetings met with hostile crowds throwing eggs & flower & fruit, Lloyd George & Churchill turned against WSPU after arson attacks on houses "their cause has marched backwards" - churchill
  50. 50Why did women not achieve enfranchisement before 1914?- Asquith was staunchly opposed to women's suffrage on the basis that the majority of women didn't want it & women were not fit for political thinking/place was in the home
    - wider society was not supportive of politicised women
    - WSPU at its peak of militancy 1912-14 began to drive away much of its support
  51. 51What is the historical significance of the WSPU?- active militant women's movement
    - it is likely that women's enfranchisement beginning in 1914 was out of fear of suffragette reprisal of militancy
    - cultural phenomenon
  52. 52DEPTH STUDY FIVE: Trade Union Militancy (1915-1927)N/a
  53. 53Background on the Trade Unionists- industrial production fell early in the war as nearly 5 million men join the army, shortages of materials
    - war harmed living conditions for the wc
  54. 54What were some influences on the Trade Unionists?- Labour party
    - past unionists
  55. 55What were the aims of the Trade Unionists?- during WW1 - wanted improved conditions, better wages
    - after ww1 - wanted to maintain wartime wages, no wage cuts, no more hours
  56. 56What are some tactics of the Trade Unionists? (1915-1919)- 1914 Triple Industrial Alliance formed between NTWF, NUR, MFGB to co-ordinate strike action
    1915 - Glasgow Rent Strike of shipbuilders part of Clyde Worker's Committee. Glasgow Women's Housing Association organises non-payment of rent. forces govt. to pass Rents & Mortgage Interest Restriction Act which fixed rates
    - 1919 40-Hour Strike - Joint Strike Committee of Glasgow wanted reduced hours to create jobs for demobilised soldiers. Riots & fear of revolution in Glasgow
    - 1921 Black Friday - TA fails as MFGB & NRWF don't support NUR
    - 1926 General Strike
  57. 57What was the govt. response to the Trade Unionists? (1915-1919)- 1915 - govt agreed to 12.5% bonus for skilled workers in engineering, and to semi& unskilled workers after strike
    - 1915 Munitions of War Act - nationalised munitions industries, govt gained power to regulate conditions & would arbitrate disputes. skilled workers could not change jobs without a certificate from employer
    - 1915 Rents & Mortgage Interest Restriction Act which fixed rates, passed after strikes of shipbuilders in Glasgow
    - 1917 - Defence of the Realm Act nationalised coal production, govt increased miners wages in 1917-18
    - 1919 40 Hour Strike - govt uses troops & tanks to disperse protesters, Battle of George Square, over-reaction because of fear of revolution
    - 1920 Emergency Powers Act - gave power to call national emergency, pass emergency legislation to deal with strikes
    - 1926 - during GS, govt. presented strikers as revolutionaries to harm support, prepared volunteers and stockpiled
    - 1927 Trade Disputes Act - made general/sympathetic strikes illegal, banned union
  58. 58Who are some significant Trade Union leaders?- Ernest Bevin - NTWF leader & later TGWU, didn't call a strike on Black Friday (1921) to support MFGB as part of Triple Alliance, General Secretary of largest union TGWU in 1930s, served on churchill's cabinet during ww2
    - Jimmy Thomas - NUR leader, didn't call a strike on Black Friday (1921) to support MFGB as part of Triple Alliance, blamed for failure of General Strike (1926), wrote 'When Labour Rules' (1920) reassured mc that unionism was not to be feared, member of TUC 1921-24 & 1925-29
    - Manny Shinwell - seafarer's union in Glasgow, key figure in 40 Hour Strike, mp for Glasgow 1922-70, militant protester
    - James Maxton - Glasbow Labour party leader & mp 1922-46, concientious objector who believed ww1 exploited wc from all nations, organised strikes during ww1 as part of Clyde Workers Committee (1915), 1928 wrote Cook-Maxton manifesto with AJ Cook (miner's leader) calling for class warfare to overthrow capitalism
  59. 59What are some successes of the Trade Unionists?- membership boosted during ww1, reached 8million+ by 1919
    - shortage of labour & crucality of industry during ww1 put TUs in a strong bargaining position
    - fear of revolution in 1919 made govt. more eager to negotiate with TUs so they could prevent militant action
    - represented by Labour Party in parliament - ten glasgow MPs in 1922
    - 1925 Red Friday - govt. offers subsidy to maintain miners' wages to avoid general strike
    - 1926 General Strike has a big turnout, only 1% of freight trains ran on 5th May 1926, 1.5 million on strike.
  60. 60What are some failures of the Trade Unionists?- TA didn't work, as railwaymen & transport workers unions didn't support miners.
  61. 61What were the causes of the General Strike?- After 1919, post-war boom ended & British industry was uncompetitive. Govt. wanted to privatise industry again - 1921 mines & railways privatised Business owners wanted to cut wages/increase hours to increase profitability. miners' wages fall 30% in 1921
    - miners & govt both reject Samuel commission's (1926) terms to end pay subsidy, standardise wages, not increase hours, reduce wages.
    - failure of TA (1921) made TUC more active in negotiating & planning strikes
    - economic deflation because of gold standard returned to
  62. 62What were the causes of the failure of the General Strike?- Govt. preparations - preparing since Red Friday (1925), Supply & Transport Committee organised stockpiles of resources, Organisation for the Maintenance of Supplies recruited over 500,000 mc & uc volunteers to work during strikes but most not needed, military deployed to sensitive areas
    - TUC not prepared - unions didn't grant TUC power to negotiate or call general strike until 29th april, after Triple Alliance collapsed (YEAR) unions didn't trust each other. Thomas said in parliament after strike that he wanted it to end. Miners held out until september but had to agree to worse terms. TUC supports Samuel Memorandum (cut wages & reorganise) , miners and govt didn't, ended strike with no deal
    - govt controlled media - British Gazette edited by churchill presented strike as revolutionary, British Worker found it difficult to respond as paper was requisitioned. Baldwin called strike "direct attack upon the community" on BBC. BBC claimed to be impartial but was pro-govt. because of lice
  63. 63What were the impacts of the General Strike?- miners had to accept lower wages/longer hours
    - many workers suffered e.
    - TU membership falls from 5million+ to 4.4million by 1932
    - 1927 Trade Disputes Act - made general/sympathetic strikes illegal, banned union funds for political purposes, restricted strike action to specific disputes
  64. 64What is the historical significance of the Trade Unionists?- last General Strike, after 1926 only individual unions would strike
    - after this period the possibility of revolution was unlikely

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AS - Level History (Paper 3 (Protest, agitation & reform)) Flashcards on Depth Studies Evidence, created by Big Dave on 03/03/2016.
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