Flashcards
Non-Verbal Communication
Cards in this deck (88)
- 1Define Posture EchoPeople who are getting on well normally copy each other's posture when they are having a conversation.
- 2Who studied posture echo?McGinley
- 3McGinley AimTo see the effects of posture echo when having a conversation.
- 4McGinley MethodA confederate approached individuals in a social setting and had conversations with them. In half of the meetings, the confederate did not echo the posture of the other person. Afterwards the experimenter approached the individuals and asked them what they thought of the confederate.
- 5McGinley ResultsWhen postural echo was used, the people liked the confederate and thought that they got on well together. When the postural echo was not used, the confederate was not liked as much and then conversation felt awkward.
- 6McGinley ConclusionPostural echo given an unconscious message of friendliness.
- 7McGinley Evaluation PointsInformed consent and deception
High ecological validity - 8Define Closed PostureCrossing your arms while you are in conversation. This could indicate rejection or disagreement.
- 9Define Open PostureHaving arms uncrossed and relaxed. This may indicate approval or acceptance.
- 10Who studied open and closed posture?McGinley et al
- 11McGinley et al AimTo see the effects of open and closed posture when having a conversation.
- 12McGinley MethodA confederate approached individuals in a social setting and had conversations with them. In half of the conversations the confederate has an open posture. In the rest of the meetings the confederate has a closed posture. Afterwards , the experimenter approached the individuals and asked them what they thought of the confederate.
- 13McGinley et al ResultsWhen showing an open posture, the confederate was seen as friendly and attractive. When showing a closed posture, the confederate was seen as unfriendly and less attractive.
- 14McGinley et al ConclusionThe posture that someone adopts can make a difference to how much they are liked.
- 15McGinley et al Evaluation PointsHigh ecological validity.
No demand characteristics.
Informed consent. - 16What are some practical implications of posture?People might reveal more about themselves to a counsellor who uses posture echo.
Salespeople might use open posture when talking to customers because it might help them make a sale. - 17Define GesturesWay to communicate additional information to people, some gestures emphasise what we are saying, others are unconscious.
- 18Who studied gestures?Lynn and Mynier
- 19Lynn and Mynier AimTo see the effect of gestures used by waiters and on the tipping behaviour of customers in a restaurants.
- 20Lynn and Mynier MethodWhile taking orders from seating customers, waiters and were instructed to either stand upright or squat down near customer.
- 21Lynn and Mynier ResultsWhen the waiter squatted down, larger tips were received compared with when they took orders standing upright.
- 22Lynn and Mynier ConclusionThe gesture of squatting down near a seated customer to take an order will have a positive effect on tipping behaviour.
- 23Lynn and Mynier Evaluation PointsHigh ecological validity.
Other factors to why tipped. - 24Define Personal SpaceThe distance that feels comfortable between you and another person.
- 25Who studied sex differences and personal space?Argyle and Dean
- 26Argyle and Dean AimTo see sex differences affect personal space.
- 27Argyle and Dean MethodOne at a time. participants were asked to sit and have a conversation with a confederate. Sometimes the confederate was of the same sex and sometimes of the opposite sex. The confederate sat at different distances from the participants and continually looking into their eyes.
- 28Argyle and Dean ResultsThe participants tended to break eye contact with the confederate of the opposite sex at a greater distance apart than when the confederate was of the same sex. Argyle and Dean thought that this was the point at which personal space was being invaded.
- 29Argyle and Dean ConclusionWe prefer to have greater amount of personal space between ourselves and members of the opposite sex during normal conversation.
- 30What is a practical implication of sex differences affecting personal space?It could be that a male is in conversation with a female, he might not be aware that he is standing too close for her comfort.
- 31Who studied age and personal space?Willis
- 32Willis AimTo see if age has an affect on personal space.
- 33Willis MethodWillis observed almost 800 individuals in different social situations.
- 34Willis ResultsThose he observed tended to stand closer to people their own age and further away from people who were either very much older or younger than themselves
- 35Willis ConclusionAge difference affects how close people will stand to one another.
- 36Willis Evaluation PointsHigh sample validity.
Informed consent. - 37Who studied personality and personal space?Williams
- 38Williams AimTo see if personality has an affect on personal space.
- 39Williams MethodCollege students were given personality tests to see if they were extrovert (outgoing) and introvert (quiet). They were then sent to an office one by one to receive their college grades from a teacher. The researchers noted where they chose to sit in the office when receiving their grades.
- 40Williams ResultsIntroverts sat further away from the teacher that extroverts.
- 41Williams ConclusionWhether someone is extrovert and introvert will affect their use of personal space.
- 42Williams Evaluation PointsHigh ecological validity.
Lacks population validity. - 43What is a practical implication of individual differences affecting personal space?If we attempt to stand closer to a person older or younger than us it may cause them to feel uncomfortable.
- 44Who studied cultural norms and personal space?Summer
- 45Summer AimTo see if there are cultural differences in the use of personal space.
- 46Summer MethodSummer observed groups of white English people and groups of Arab people in conversation.
- 47Summer ResultsThe comfortable conversation distance for the white English people was between 1 - 1.5 meters, whereas the comfortable conversation distance for the Arab people was much less than that.
- 48Summer ConclusionThe use of personal space in normal conversation varies with culture.
- 49What is a practical implication of cultural norms affecting personal space?This study helps us to understand why people in Arab countries regard Europeans and Americans as unfriendly and untrustworthy because they stand back in conversations.
- 50Who studied status and personal space?Zahn
- 51Zahn AimTo see if status affects personal space
- 52Zahn MethodZahn observed people of equal status approaching each other to have conversation. He also observed people of unequal status approaching each other.
- 53Zahn ResultsPeople of lower status did not approach the higher status with the same degree of closeness as those of equals// Zahn observed people of equal status approaching each other to have conversation. He also observed people of unequal status approaching each other.
- 54Zahn ConclusionPersonal space varies with status.
- 55Zahn Evaluation PointsReductionist.
High ecological validity - 56What is a practical implication of status affecting personal space?We are more comfortable approaching someone of the same status to us.
- 57Summer Evaluation PointsMisleading.
High ecological validity. - 58Who has studied pupil dilation on emotion?Hess
- 59Hess AimTo see the effect of pupil dilation on emotion.
- 60Hess MethodParticipants were shown two nearly identical pictures of the same girl and asked which picture was more attractive. The only difference between the two pictures was that in one of them the girl's pupils were dilated and in the other picture they were not.
- 61Hess ResultsThe majority of participants said that the picture of the girl with dilated pupils was more attractive. Strangely though they could not say why they thought that.
- 62Hess ConclusionPupil dilation has an unconscious but powerful effect on emotion.
- 63Hess Evaluation PointsDemand characteristics
Lacks ecological validity.
Cannot be generalised. - 64Who studied facial expressions?Sackeim
- 65Sackiem AimTo look at the relationship between facial expressions and the hemispheres of the brain.
- 66Sackiem MethodPictures of people faces showing different emotions were cut down the middle. New pictures were created with each half face and its mirror image. Then each pair of new faces was shown to participants. They were asked which picture they liked better.
- 67Sackiem ResultsThe majority of the participants said they preferred the picture of the left half of the face and its reflection. When asked why, they said the person looked warmer.
- 68Sackiem ConclusionThe left side of the face seems to express much more emotion than the right side.
- 69Sackiem Evaluation PointsMislaeading
- 70What is a practical implication of facial expressions?If a facial expression is inherited this means that it happens instinctively and it is more likely to be truthful.
- 71Who studied touch?Fisher, Rytting and Heslin
- 72Fisher AimTo see the effect of touch on people's attitudes.
- 73Fisher MethodFemale students in a library were handed books by the librarian (confederate). Half of the students were briefly touched on the hand by the librarian when the books handed to them and the half were not.
- 74Fisher ResultsWhen questioned later the students who were touched had a more positive attitude towards the library and the librarian than those who were not touched. The interesting thing was that the students were not even aware they were touched.
- 75Fisher ConclusionTouch can have an unconscious and positive effect on attitudes.
- 76Fisher Evaluation PointsDeception.
Lacks Population Validity. - 77Who studied verbal communication?Argyle, Alkema and Gilmour
- 78Argyle, Alkema and Gilmour AimTo see if tone of voice has any effect when interpreting a verbal message.
- 79Argyle, Alkema and Gilmour MethodDifferent groups of participants listened to either friendly or hostile messages spoken in either friendly or hostile tones of voice. Therefore some participants heard a friendly message in a hostile tone and visa versa.
- 80Argyle, Alkema and Gilmour ResultsWhen the participants were asked to interpret the messages, it was found that the tone of voice has about five times the effect of the verbal message itself
- 81Argyle, Alkema and Gilmour ConclusionTone of voice is extremely important in how people interpret verbal messages.
- 82Argyle, Alkema and Gilmour Evaluation PointsLacks ecological validity.
- 83Who studied eye contact?Kendon
- 84Kendon AimTo see how eye movements affect the flow of conversation.
- 85Kendon MethodPairs of participants were asked to get acquainted. Their conversations were secretly watched by observers through a one way mirror system.
- 86Kendon ResultsAs one person was about to speak, they looked away from the person, briefly avoiding contact. They then would give the other person's face a prolonged look when they finished what they were saying. When the speaker gave the prolonged look, it seemed to indicate to the other person that they could begin to speak. If the prolonged look didn't happen, there was a pause in conversation.
- 87Kendon ConclusionEye movements signal turn taking in conversation.
- 88Kendon Evaluation PointsDeception.
Informed consent.
No demand characteristics.
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- GCSE Psychology Flashcards on Non-Verbal Communication, created by Megan Elliott on 18/04/2016.
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- Megan Elliott
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