Flashcards
Neural Development - Lecture 4
Cards in this deck (16)
- 1What are the 6 stages of neural development?Neurogenesis
Cell migration
Differentiation
Synaptogenesis
Neuronal cell death
Synapse rearrangement - 2Human embryo develops three layers. What are these called?Ectoderm (becomes nervous system)
Mesoderm
Endoderm - 3How does the brain develop from the ectoderm?The neural groove forms between ridges of the ectoderm this becomes neural tube. The anterior part of the neural tube has three subdivisions—the forebrain, the midbrain, and the hindbrain.
- 4What is neurogenesis? and where does it happen?Mitosis produces neurons from non-neuronal cells
Cells of the neural tube divide through mitosis and form the ventricular zone - 5What is cell migration?When cells move to establish distinct populations
Cells migrate to marginal zone but some cells remain in the ventricular zone to continue neurogenesis.
Produces 6 cerebral cortex layers - 6How are radial glial cells involved in cell migration?Radial glial cells act as guides for cells to migrate along. Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) promote adhesion of parts of the nervous system to guide cells.
- 7What is differentiationIt is when cells become distinctive neurons or glial cells
- 8What are the two influences of cell differentiation?Cell-autonomous (self organization)—independent of other cells and driven by genes, intrinsic organization as seen in vitro (in cell culture).
Induction (Neural environment)—cells are affected by the influence of other neighboring cells. - 9What is synaptogenesis and what does it have to do with process outgrowth?Neurons extend their axons and dendrites and form many synapses with one another. Process outgrowth is the growth of axons and dendrites.
- 10What is regulation? (to do with differentiation)It is the response to cell injury in development; other cells will develop and take its place.
- 11What are stem cells?They are undifferentiated cells that can divide, and their daughter cells can assume a new cell fate
- 12What is neuronal cell death?Selective death of many nerve cells
- 13How does apoptosis work?Apoptosis starts with a Ca2+ influx that causes mitochondria to release a protein, Diablo.
Diablo binds to inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), which normally inhibit the caspases.
Without IAP inhibition, the caspases are able to dismantle the cell. - 14What are neurotrophic factors?Neurons compete for chemicals the target cells make, called neurotrophic factors, and without enough, they die.
- 15What factors effect synaptic pruning (synapse rearrangement)Neurotrophic factors
Neural activity - 16Explain how process outgrowth occursChemoattractants are chemical signals that attract certain growth cones.
Chemorepellents repel growth cones
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- Undergraduate degree level flashcards based on a lecture about neural development
- Created by
- Georgina Burchell
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