Flashcards
exam for wednesday
Cards in this deck (66)
- 1AbilityInherited, stable traits that determine an individual’s potential to learn or acquire
a skill. - 2AdrenalineNatural hormone released to speed heart rate up.
- 3AerobicWith oxygen. When exercise is not too fast and is steady, the heart can supply all
the oxygen that the working muscles need.
Summarised as: glucose + oxygen → energy + carbon dioxide + water - 4Aerobic training zoneThe aerobic training zone allows the aerobic system to be trained. To define
aerobic training zone:
Aggression
1. Calculate maximum heart rate (220 bpm) minus
age: 220-age
2. Work at 60-80% of maximum heart rate. - 5AggressionA deliberate intent to harm or injure another person, which can be physical or
mental (see direct and indirect aggression). - 6AgilityThe ability to move and change direction quickly (at speed) whilst
maintaining control. - 7Agonist (prime mover)Muscle or group responsible for the movement.
- 8AltitudeA geographical area (of land) which is over 2,000 m above sea level.
- 9Altitude training (traditional)Training at altitude where there is less oxygen. The body adapts by making more
red blood cells to carry oxygen. The additional oxygen carrying red blood cells is
an advantage for endurance athletes returning to sea level to compete. - 10AmateurThis term defines someone who:
takes part in an activity as a hobby, rather than for financial gain
has another main job outside of sport
takes part for fun
could be at a lower level - 11AnaerobicWithout oxygen. When exercise duration is short and at high intensity, the heart
and lungs cannot supply blood and oxygen to muscles as fast as the respiring
cells need them.
Summarised as: glucose → energy + lactic acid. - 12AntagonistActs to produce the opposite action to the agonist. They work in antagonistic
pairs - 13ArousalA physical and mental (physiological and psychological) state of
alertness/readiness, varying from deep sleep to intense excitement/alertness. - 14BalanceThe maintenance of the centre of mass over the base of support. Reference can
be made to whilst static (still) or dynamic (whilst moving). - 15Balanced dietIt is defined as eating:
the right amount (for energy expended)
the right amount of calories
according to how much you exercise
different food types to provide suitable nutrients, vitamins and minerals - 16Body compositionThe percentage of body weight which is fat and non-fat (muscle and bone)
- 17CarbohydrateThe body's preferred energy source.
- 18Cardio-vascular endurance (aerobic power)The ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to the working muscles.
- 19Circuit trainingA series of exercise stations whereby periods of work are interspersed with
periods of rest. - 20CoordinationThe ability to use different (two or more) parts of the body together, smoothly
and efficiently. - 21Continuous trainingInvolves working for a sustained period of time without rest. It improves cardiovascular
fitness. Sometimes referred to as a steady state training. - 22DehydrationExcessive loss of body water interrupting the function of the body.
- 23HydrationHaving enough water to enable normal functioning of the body.
- 24EtiquetteA convention or unwritten rule in an activity. It is not an enforceable rule but it
is usually observed. - 25Extrinsic feedbackReceived from outside of the performer, eg from a coach. See Kinaesthetic
feedback for a comparison. - 26ExtrovertSociable, active, talkative, out-going personality type usually associated with
team sports players. - 27Fartlek trainingSwedish for ‘speed play’. Periods of fast work with intermittent periods of slower
work. Often used in running, ie sprint, jog, walk, jog, sprint, etc. - 28FatigueEither physical or mental, fatigue is a feeling of extreme or severe tiredness due
to a build-up of lactic acid or working for long periods of time. - 29FitnessThe ability to meet/cope with the demands of the environment
- 30FlexibilityThe range of movements possible at a joint.
- 31HaemoglobinThe substance in the red blood cells which transports oxygen (as
oxyhaemoglobin) and carbon dioxide. - 32HealthA state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity (as per the World Health Organisation- WHO). Ill
health refers to being in a state of poor physical, mental and/or social wellbeing. - 33Heart rateThe number of times the heart beats (usually measured per minute)
- 34Interval trainingPeriods of training/work that are followed by periods of rest, eg work, rest, work,
rest (see High intensity interval training). - 35Intrinsic feedback.
- 36IntrovertA quiet, passive, reserved, shy personality type, usually associated with individual
sports performance. - 37Maximal heart rateCalculated by: 220-age
- 38flexion –decrease in the angle of the bones at a joint
- 39extensionincreasing the angle of bones at a joint
- 40abductionmovement away from the midline of the body
- 41adduction –movement towards the midline of the body
- 42rotationmovement around an axis
- 43Muscular endurance (similar to dynamic strength)Ability of a muscle or muscle group to undergo repeated contractions, avoiding
fatigue. - 44ObeseA term used to describe people with a large fat content, caused by an imbalance
of calories consumed to energy expenditure. A body mass index (BMI) of over 30
or over 20% above standard weight for height ratio. - 45Power/explosive strength (anaerobic power)The product of strength and speed, ie strength x speed
- 46Principles of trainingSpecificity, progressive overload, reversibility and tedium (see SPORT)
- 47Prime mover (agonistMuscle or muscle group responsible for the movement.
- 48Reaction timeThe time taken to initiate a response to a stimulus, ie the time from the
initiation of the stimulus (eg starting gun in 100 m) to starting to initiate a
response (eg starting to move out of the blocks in 100 m). - 49RecoveryTime required to repair the damage to the body caused by training or
competition. - 50RepetitionsThe number of times an individual action is performed. A set is a group of
repetitions. - 51Skeletal systemSkeletal system provides a framework of bones for movement, in conjunction
with the muscular system. - 52SpeedThe maximum rate at which an individual is able to perform a movement or
cover a distance in a period of time, putting the body parts into action as quickly
as possible. Calculated by: distance ÷ time - 53SpecificityMaking training specific to the sport being played/movements used/muscles
used/energy system(s) used. - 54Progressive overloadGradual increase of the amount of overload so that fitness gains occur, but
without potential for injury. Overload is the gradual increase of stress placed
upon the body during exercise training (more than normal) - 55ReversibilityLosing fitness levels when you stop exercising.
- 56TediumBoredom that can occur from training the same way every time. Variety is
needed. - 57StrengthThe ability to overcome a resistance. This can be explosive, static or dynamic:
explosive – see Power
static – static ability to hold a body part (limb) in a static position. Muscle
length stays the same/maximum force that can be applied to an
immoveable object
dynamic – see Muscular endurance for similarity - 58SupplenessAs with flexibility, the range of movement possible at a joint.
- 59Synovial jointAn area of the body where two or more bones meet (articulate) to allow a range
of movements. The ends of the bones are covered in articular cartilage and are
enclosed in a capsule filled with fluid. For the purposes of this specification, the
following structural features and roles should be known: - 60cartilage –prevents friction/bones rubbing together
- 61ligaments –– attach bone to bone.
- 62Target zoneThe range within which athletes need to work for aerobic training to take place
(60-80% of maximum heart rate). - 63TrainingA well-planned programme which uses scientific principles to improve
performance, skill, game ability, motor and physical fitness. - 64Training thresholdsThe actual boundaries of the target zone.
- 65Weight trainingThe use of weights/resistance to cause adaptation of the muscles.
- 66—
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- GCSE History Flashcards on exam for wednesday, created by sherice d on 21/06/2016.
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