Flashcards
Unit 6 Terms and Concepts
Cards in this deck (65)
- 1ArchetypesAccording to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.
- 2BehaviourismA theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behaviour.
- 3Collective unconsciousAccording to Jung, a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people's ancestral past.
- 4CollectivismPutting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one's identity in terms of the groups one belongs to.
- 5CompensationAccording to Adler, efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one's abilities.
- 6ConsciousWhatever one is aware of at a particular point in time.
- 7Defence mechanismsLargely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt.
- 8DisplacementDiverting emotional feeling (usually anger) from their original source to a substitute target.
- 9EgoAccording to Freud, the decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle.
- 10ExtravertsPeople who tend to be interested in the external world of people and things.
- 11Factor analysisStatistical analysis of correlations among many variables to identify closely related clusters of variables.
- 12FixationAccording to Freud, failure to move forward from one psychosexual stage to another as expected.
- 13Hierarchy of needsMaslow's systematic arrangement of needs according to priority, which assumes that basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused.
- 14Hindsight biasThe tendency to mould one's interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out.
- 15HumanismA theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for human growth.
- 16IdAccording to Freud, the primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle.
- 17IdentificationBolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group.
- 18IncongruenceThe degree of disparity between one's self-concept and one's actual experience.
- 19IndividualismPutting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group memberships.
- 20IntrovertsPeople who tend to be preoccupied with the internal world of their own thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
- 21ModelA person whose behaviour is observed by another.
- 22Mortality salienceThe degree to which subjects' mortality is prominent in their minds.
- 23NarcissismA personality trait marked by an inflated sense of importance, a need for attention and admiration, a sense of entitlement, and a tendency to exploit others.
- 24Need for self-actualizationThe need to fulfill one's potential.
- 25Observational learningA type of learning that occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models.
- 26Oedipal complexAccording to Freud, children's manifestation of erotically tinged desires for their opposite-sex parent, accompanied by feelings of hostility toward their same-sex parent.
- 27Personal unconsciousAccording to Jung, the level of awareness that houses material that is not within one's conscious awareness because it has been repressed or forgotten.
- 28PersonalityAn individual's unique constellation of consistent behavioural traits.
- 29Personality traitA durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations.
- 30Phenomenological approachThe assumption that one must appreciate individuals' personal, subjective experiences to truly understand their behaviour.
- 31Pleasure principleAccording to Freud, the principle on which the id operates, demanding immediate gratification of its urges.
- 32PreconsciousAccording to Freud, the level of awareness that contains material just beneath the surface of conscious awareness that can easily be retrieved.
- 33ProjectionAttributing one's own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another.
- 34Projective testsPsychological tests that ask subjects to respond to vague, ambiguous stimuli in ways that may reveal the subjects' needs, feelings, and personality traits.
- 35Psychodynamic theoriesAll the diverse theories descended from the work of Sigmund Freud that focus on unconscious mental forces.
- 36Psychosexual stagesAccording to Freud, developmental periods with a characteristic sexual focus that leave their mark on adult personality.
- 37RationalizationCreating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behaviour.
- 38Reaction formationBehaving in a way that's exactly the opposite of ones' true feelings.
- 39Reality principleAccording to Freud, the principle on which the ego operates, which seeks to delay gratification of the id's urges until appropriate outlets and situations can be found.
- 40Reciprocal determinismThe assumption that internal mental events, external environmental events, and overt behaviour all influence each other.
- 41RegressionA reversion to immature patterns of behaviour.
- 42RepressionKeeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious.
- 43Self-actualizing personsPeople with exceptionally healthy personalities, marked by continued personal growth.
- 44Self-conceptA collection of beliefs about one's own nature, unique qualities, and typical behaviour.
- 45Self-efficacyOne's belief about one's ability to perform behaviours that should lead to expected outcomes.
- 46Self-enhancementFocusing on positive feedback from others, exaggerating one's strengths, and seeing oneself as above average.
- 47Self-report inventoriesPersonality tests that ask individuals to answer a series of questions about their characteristic behaviour.
- 48Striving for superiorityAccording to Adler, the universal drive to adapt, improve oneself, and master life's challenges.
- 49SublimationDefence mechanism in which unconscious, unacceptable impulses are channelled into socially acceptable, perhaps even admirable, behaviours.
- 50SuperegoAccording to Freud, the moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong.
- 51Terror management theoryConcerns the psychological consequences of the "juxtaposition of a biologically rooted desire for life with the awareness of the inevitability of death."
- 52UnconsciousAccording to Freud, thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behaviour.
- 53Alfred AdlerCreated individual psychology to contrast Freud's theories.
- 54Albert BanduraBehavioural theorist who saw cognitive process as part of personality, compared to Skinner's pure behaviourism. Advocates for reciprocal determinism.
- 55David BussCreated an evolutionary perspective on personality.
- 56Raymond CattellUsed factor analysis to reduce a list of personality traits to the 16 basic dimensions of personality.
- 57Norman EndlerArgued that personality traits interact with situational factors to produce behaviour.
- 58Hans EysenckCreated the Eysenck's model of personality structure, a biological perspective of personality.
- 59Sigmund FreudFounder of Psychoanalytic theory.
- 60Carl JungCreated Analytical Psychology to contrast with Freud's psychodynamic theories.
- 61Abraham MaslowCreated the Hierarchy of needs and the concept of Self-actualization.
- 62Walter MischelSuggested that people make responses that will lead to reinforcement in the situation at hand.
- 63Delroy PaulhusStudied the implications of repression (defence mechanism).
- 64Carl RogersPioneered humanism, and created the Self-concept.
- 65B. F. SkinnerPioneer of behaviourism and created concept of operant conditioning.
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- Chapter 12: Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment
- Created by
- Patrick Schorno · Jul 2016
- Updated
- Sep 29, 2016
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