Flashcards
Unit 6: Terms and Concepts
Cards in this deck (63)
- 1AcquisitionThe formation of a new conditioned response tendency.
- 2AntecedentsIn behaviour modification, events that typically precede the target response.
- 3Avoidance learningLearning that has occurred when an organism engages in a response that prevents aversive stimulation from occurring.
- 4Behaviour modificationA systematic approach to changing behaviour through the application of the principles of conditioning.
- 5Behavioural contractA written agreement outlining a promise to adhere to the contingencies of a behaviour modification program.
- 6Classical conditioning (Pavlovian conditioning)A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.
- 7Conditioned response (CR)A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning.
- 8Conditioned stimulus (CS)A previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response.
- 9Conditioned taste aversionv
- 10ConditioningInvolves learning associations between events that occur in an organism’s environment.
- 11Continuous reinforcementReinforcing every instance of a designated response.
- 12Cumulative recorderA graphic record of reinforcement and responding in a Skinner box as a function of time.
- 13Discriminative stimuliCues that influence operant behaviour by indicating the probable consequences (reinforcement or non-reinforcement) of a response.
- 14ElicitTo draw out or bring forth.
- 15EmitTo send out.
- 16Escape learningA type of learning in which an organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation.
- 17ExtinctionThe gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency.
- 18Fixed-interval (FI) scheduleA reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed.
- 19Fixed-ratio (FR) scheduleA reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given after a fixed number of non-reinforced responses.
- 20Generalization gradientA graph that maps out the similarity between the original conditioned stimulus and a new stimulus. The strength of the generalization response declines as the similarity between the new stimulus and the original stimulus decreases.
- 21Higher-order conditioningA type of conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus.
- 22Instinctive driftThe tendency for an animal’s innate responses to interfere with conditioning processes.
- 23Intermittent schedules of reinforcementA reinforcement schedule in which a designated response is reinforced only some of the time.
- 24Law of effectThe principle that if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened.
- 25LearningA relatively durable change in behaviour or knowledge that is due to experience.
- 26ModelsA person whose behaviour is observed by another.
- 27Negative reinforcementThe strengthening of a response because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus.
- 28Observational learningA type of learning that occurs when an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others (Models).
- 29Operant conditioning (Instrumental learning)A form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences.
- 30PhobiasIrrational fears of specific objects or situations.
- 31Positive reinforcementReinforcement that occurs when a response is strengthened because it followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus.
- 32PreparednessA species-specific predisposition to be conditioned in certain ways and not others.
- 33Primary reinforcersEvents that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs.
- 34PunishmentAn event that follows a response that weakens or suppresses the tendency to make that response.
- 35ReinforcementAn event following a response that strengthens the tendency to make the response.
- 36Reinforcement contingenciesThe circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers.
- 37Renewal effectPhenomenon that occurs if a response is extinguished in a different environment than it was acquired; the extinguished response will reappear if the animal is returned to the original environment where acquisition took place.
- 38Resistance to extinctionIn operant conditioning, the phenomenon that occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer for it has been terminated.
- 39Schedule of reinforcementA specific presentation of reinforcers over time.
- 40Secondary (Conditioned) reinforcersStimulus events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers.
- 41ShapingThe reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response.
- 42Skinner box (Operant chamber)A small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is systematically recorded while the consequences of the response are controlled.
- 43Spontaneous recoveryIn classical conditioning, the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non-exposure to the conditioned stimulus.
- 44Stimulus contiguityStimuli are contiguous if they occur together in time and space.
- 45Stimulus discriminationThe phenomenon that occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.
- 46Stimulus generalizationThe phenomenon that occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.
- 47Token economyA system for dolling out symbolic reinforcers that are exchanged later for a variety of genuine reinforcers.
- 48TrialIn classical conditioning, any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli.
- 49Unconditioned response (UCR)An unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning.
- 50Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning.
- 51Variable-interval (VI) scheduleA reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed.
- 52Variable-ratio (VR) scheduleA reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given after a variable number of non-reinforced responses.
- 53Vicarious conditioningv
- 54Vicarious punishmentv
- 55Vicarious reinforcementv
- 56Albert Bandurav
- 57John Garciav
- 58Ivan Pavlovv
- 59Robert Rescoriav
- 60Martin Seligmanv
- 61B. F. Skinnerv
- 62E. L. Thorndikev
- 63John B. Watsonv