Flashcards
Unit 8: Terms and Concepts
Cards in this deck (50)
- 1AcculturationThe degree to which a person is socially and psychologically integrated into a new culture.
- 2AlgorithmA methodical, step-by-step procedure for trying all possible alternatives in searching for a solution to a problem.
- 3Availability heuristicBasing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind.
- 4Behavioural economicsA field of study that examines the effects of humans’ actual (not idealized) decision-making processes on economic decisions.
- 5Belief perseveranceThe tendency to hang on to beliefs in the face of contradictory evidence.
- 6BilingualismThe acquisition of two languages that use different speech sounds, vocabularies, and grammatical rules.
- 7CognitionThe mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge.
- 8Confirmation biasThe tendency to seek information that supports one’s decisions and beliefs while ignoring disconfirming information.
- 9Conjunction fallacyAn error that occurs when people estimate that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone.
- 10Decision makingThe process of evaluating alternatives and making choices among them.
- 11Fast mappingThe process by which children map a word onto an underlying concept after only one exposure to the word.
- 12Field-dependencev
- 13Field-independencev
- 14FramingHow issues are posed or how choices are structured.
- 15Functional fixednessThe tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use.
- 16Gambler’s fallacyThe belief that the odds of a chance event increase if the event hasn’t occurred recently.
- 17HeuristicA strategy, guiding principle, or rule of thumb used in solving problems or making decisions.
- 18Incubation effectAn effect that occurs when new solutions surface for a previously unsolved problem after a period of not consciously thinking about the problem.
- 19InsightIn problem solving, the sudden discovery of the correct solution following incorrect attempts based primarily on trial and error.
- 20LanguageA set of symbols that convey meaning, and rules for combining symbols, that can be used to generate an infinite variety of messages.
- 21Language acquisition device (LAD)An innate mechanism or process that facilitates the learning of language.
- 22Linguistic relativityThe theory that one’s language determines the nature of one’s thought.
- 23Manual babblingv
- 24Mental setPersisting in using problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past.
- 25Metalinguistic awarenessThe ability to reflect on the use of language.
- 26MorphemesThe smallest units of meaning in a language.
- 27Myside biasThe tendency to evaluate evidence in a manner slanted in favour of one’s own opinions.
- 28Overconfidence effectv
- 29OverextentionUsing a word incorrectly to describe a wider set of objects or actions than it is meant to.
- 30OverregularizationIn children, incorrect generalization of grammatical rules to irregular cases where they do not apply.
- 31PhonemesThe smallest units of sound in a spoken language.
- 32Problem solvingActive efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not ready available.
- 33Problem spaceThe set of possible pathways to a solution considered by the problem solver.
- 34Productive vocabularyv
- 35Receptive vocabularyv
- 36Representativeness heuristicBasing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event.
- 37Risky decision makingMaking choices under conditions of uncertainty.
- 38SemanticsThe area of language concerned with understanding the meaning of words and word combinations.
- 39SyntaxA system of rules that specify how words can be combined into phrases and sentences.
- 40Telegraphic speechSpeech that consists mainly of content words; articles, prepositions, and other less critical words are omitted.
- 41Theory of bounded rationalitySimon’s assertion that people tend to use simple strategies in decision making that focus on only a few facets of available opinions and often result in “irrational” decisions that are less than optimal.
- 42Trial and errorTrying possible solutions sequentially and discarding those that are in error until one works.
- 43UnderextentionErrors that occur when a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a narrower set of objects or actions than it is meant to.
- 44Noam Chomskyc
- 45Daniel Kahnemanv
- 46Sue Savage-Rumbaughv
- 47Herbert Simonv
- 48B. F. Skinnerv
- 49Amos Tverskyv
- 50Benjamin Lee Whorfv