7006984
| Question | Answer |
| HUDSON BAY COMPANY | The company was incorporated by English royal charter in 1670 functioned as the de facto government in parts of North America before European states and later the United States laid claim to some of those territories It was once the world's largest landowner having 15% of North America Controlled the fur trade throughout much of the English-controlled North America for several centuries HBC traders and trappers forged relationships with many groups of native peoples |
| WHY THE OHIO RIVER VALLEY? | By the middle of the 1700s, British fur traders had crossed the Appalachian Mountains into the Ohio River Valley Ohio River Valley was claimed by both the British colonies and French. Contained various access points to other connected rivers through the North American Mid-West |
| The Fur Trade | A. Earliest & most important industry for French (business) in North America B. 1500s-1800s Beaver fur was used to make hats, they were the fashion in Europe. * One of the causes of the French and Indian War. |
| Land | * Another cause of the French and Indian War. A. English colonists bought 500,000 acres of land in the Ohio Valley to farm B. This would hurt the French colonial fur trade * This brought economic, religious, and political conflict between the English and French in the Ohio River Valley. |
| French in North America | Land was originally claimed by French explorers. French fur traders used the Ohio River area for fur trading. French gov’t built forts to stop English taking the land. |
| British in North America | The English colonies grew and prospered. New colonists were looking for more land. Free or cheap land offered new opportunities and economic freedom. English government built forts and started to grant land to its citizens. |
| Native Relations | French have better relationships with Indians. English wanted to take their land for farming. Most French colonists were fur traders and trappers. French only wanted the fur. They didn’t want to stay on the land. They lived among the natives and adopted their ways. They learned to make canoes, trap animals, make snow shoes, and etc.. They learned Native American languages. They took native brides. Bi-racial children |
| The start of the war | The English attack French Fort Duquesne. The attack was a disaster and was the beginning of the French and Indian War. |
| The war was fought on which two contients | North America and Europe |
| War Itself | In North America, England and France fought over control of the entire Western frontier including the Ohio River Valley. |
| Advantages of British/ American | A. Larger Population B. Militias Poorly organized and equipped. 1. They were ready at a moment’s notice. 2. Fighting the Indians for over a 100 years. C. Self-supporting Produced enough food and supplies. D. Britain controlled the seas. |
| Advantages of French | Single Colonial Government One government meant less discussion during decision making. (American colonists didn’t always agree to follow British orders) Pattern of Settlement Towns were clustered together Well-fortified positions Build high on cliffs. |
| Disadvantages of British/American | Colonial Assemblies Each colony jealously guarded its own power. B. Fighting an Offensive War Attack Quebec and Montreal to win the war. |
| Disadvantages of French | Smaller Population Depended on Imports British controlled the seas. Troops 1. France sent few troops over. 2. Defense fell to the fur trading companies. |
| Native American Involvement | British/American Colonies Iroquois League Mostly neutral, but did fight occasionally. Chief of the Mohawks Joseph Brant Became a colonel in the British army. |
| Native American Involvment | French Colonies Algonquins, Ottawas & the Hurons Longtime trading partners Didn’t trust the land grabbing white settlers. |
| The Albany Plan | Delegates from nine of the thirteen colonies met in Albany, New York. Ben Franklin (drew it up), delegate from Pennsylvania came to Albany with a “Plan of Union” or “Albany Plan”, a loose union or compact between the colonies. A promise from the colonies to work together. The plan failed because the colonial assemblies and the British Parliament rejected it. |
| The Last of the Mohicans | Written by James Fenimore Cooper The Last of the Mohicans is part of a series of four books called The Leatherstocking Tales. Follows the life of a colonial boy and his Native American friend. |
| BATTLE OF QUEBEC | Turning Point of War September 13, 1759 British approach Quebec by sea and climb cliffs-surprise attack Plains of Abraham French caught off guard. Commanders of both armies die in battle G. British claim victory H. French surrender in America a year later on September 6, 1760 |
| WAR ENDS | France and Britain continued fighting in Europe for three more years Treaty of Paris is signed on February 10, 1763-this ends the war. France surrenders all land in North America to Britain |
| Results of War | Britain gained control over half the North American continent French Canada, all French territorial claims east of the Mississippi River Spanish Florida. British decide to reevaluate their relationship with the colonies. 1. Want to re-establish control. The British government also faced pressing financial problems. Britain began fighting in 1754 with a national debt of approximately 75 million pounds, but the war effort caused the debt to soar to 133 million pounds by 1763. |
| Most Important Things to Remember! | French vs. British & American Colonists--with Indians fighting on both sides. War in North America and Europe War is over land, farming and furs. Ben Franklin draws a political cartoon and writes the Albany Plan to try and get the colonies to work together. Britain and the British colonists won the war!! The Treaty of Paris, 1763, officially ends the war. France looses North America and the British take over their land. Proclamation Line of 1763 which is England’s attempt to control the colonies |
| Proclamation Line of 1763 | The British declared that American colonists would not be allowed to set up or keep settlements west of an imaginary line running down the crest of the Appalachian Mountains. The proclamation acknowledged that Native Americans owned the lands on which they were then residing and white settlers in the area were to be removed. |
| The Story Thus Far | European nations were competing with each other for: World resources Military strength Political superiority Some nations were upsetting the balance of power |
| Major Causes | The French and Indian War The Sugar Act The Stamp Act |
| The Sugar Act - 1764 | First attempt to raise income from the Colonies Duty on sugar and molasses not obtained from Britain Smuggling cases tried in Great Britain |
| The Stamp Act—1765 | Official government stamp required First internal tax paying for British protection |
| More Major Causes | The Townshend Acts Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party The Intolerable Acts |
| The Townshend Acts—1767 | Import duties on tea, lead, glass, and paint colors Money used to pay royal governors “No taxation without representation” |
| Boston Massacre—1770 | Crowd of colonists threaten British soldiers British open fire killing five Americans Parliament canceled the Townshend duties |
| Boston Tea Party—1773 | British sold tea even more cheaply than smuggled tea Colonists dressed up as Mohawks Colonists boarded tea ships Tea was dumped overboard |
| The Intolerable Acts—1774 | Closed the Port of Boston American town meetings banned British officials in trouble sent to Great Britain for trial |
| First Continental Congress | 56 Delegates Included George Washington, Patrick Henry and Sam Adams Direct response to Intolerable Acts Met in Philadelphia – 1774 |
| Colonists Agreed To: | Boycott British goods Arm themselves and form militias Appeal to the king |
| King George III Refused To: | Allow American colonist representation in Parliament No respond to colonists’ complaints and official grievances |
| “The Shot Heard Round the World” | American colonists stockpiled weapons in Concord, Massachusetts 800 British troops marched through Lexington on the way to Concord Paul Revere: “The British are coming!” |
| The Armed Militia | Known as “Minutemen” 70 Minutemen on the Village Green Known as the Battle of Lexington and Concord Uncertain which side fired first 50 Americans killed and 45 wounded or missing 65 British killed and 208 wounded or missing |
| Second Continental Congress | Decided to officially separate from Britain Committee selected to draft the reasons for separation Thomas Jefferson selected to write document Met in Philadelphia |
| The Declaration of Independence | Written by Thomas Jefferson It is the “Birth Certificate of the United States” Document listed rights and grievances against King George III 4 parts Preamble Declaration of rights List of Grievances Resolution Written by Thomas Jefferson It is the “Birth Certificate of the United States” Document listed rights and grievances against King George III 4 parts Preamble Declaration of rights List of Grievances Resolution |
| Choosing Sides | Patriots – Supported the RevolutionLoyalists – Americans who supported the King Red Coats/ Lobsterbacks – British Army |
| What Happened to those who Signed? | Five were captured by the British, though eventually released Approximately 12 had their homes ransacked and burned One lost his son in the Continental Army Several suffered wounds in various battles |
| Revolutionary Armies – The British | Highly trained and disciplined for war on land or high seasBritish Army most powerful in world Also well-equipped with weapons |
| Revolutionary Armies | Americans shot more accurately British carried three days provisions British gear weighed about 100 pounds |
| Revolutionary Armies – The Americans | Revolutionary Army knew lay of the land Used weapons appropriate for landscape Wore pieces of different uniforms Brown army clothing |
| British Advantages | Well-equipped Disciplined Strongest navy |
| American Advantages | Accuracy of the rifle Knowledge of the land Guerilla warfare tactics Superb command |
| Military Leaders—American | George Washington: Commander of Americans Forces Nathanael Greene: Top Strategist Henry Knox: Artillery Expert Benedict Arnold: Commander under Washington |
| British Leaders | General Charles Cornwallis General John Burgoyne Benedict Arnold William Howe All considered America one of the worst places to serve |
| Other Key Players | France, Spain, Germany and Poland Hessian mercenaries from Germany The Marquis de Lafayette: Frenchman who supported American cause Huge percentage of American gunpowder came from France Bernardo De Galvez: Spanish lord in Mexico Baron Friedrich von Steuben: German military commander who helped train American troops Nathan Hale: American Spy “ I regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.” |
| The War at Sea | Approximately 3,000 men enlisted—America made 13 Frigates Most, if not all, were destroyed or captured Colonial Navy authorized by Continental Congress October 13, 1775 |
| Major Battles | Fort Ticonderoga Bunker Hill Trenton |
| Fort Ticonderoga—1775 | Key strategic location in New York Ethan Allen and about 125 Green Mountain boys attacked fort |
| Ticonderoga | The Fort was taken without firing a shot British officers and women and children were captured Cannons were taken from Ticonderoga to Boston Henry Knox: American Army top artillery commander Major hero of American Revolution |
| Battle of Bunker Hill - 1775 | Red Coats victorious in third charge Americans ran out of ammunition Moral victory for American Army Located near Boston Costliest battle for British during whole war British casualties 1,054 American casualties 441 British began to get nervous Washington took command of the army two weeks after this battle |
| Battle of Trenton—1776 | Surprise attack the day after Christmas Washington crossed the Delaware Approximately 1000 German soldiers fighting for the British captured |
| Trenton & Princeton | American casualties were four German leader, Colonel Rall mortally wounded Washington cleared British from central New Jersey |
| More Significant Battles | Saratoga Winter at Valley Forge Yorktown Were blend of successes and failures for American Army |
| Battle of Saratoga – 1777 | The turning point of the war The biggest American victory at the time Approximately 5,000 British surrender to Washington After the American victory France changed its policies. Feb. 1778 France and American formed an alliance France declared war on Britain the next month Spain declared war in 1779 Bernardo de Galvez chased British troops out of Louisiana and Florida. |
| Valley Forge – 1777-1778 | American Army out of food and clothing Valley Forge briefly a refuge Supplies ran out and many died Washington appeals to Congress for help Low point for American Army Any deserters are shot Marquis de Lafayette joined Washington as an aide Friedrich von Steuben drilled the troops teaching them military discipline |
| Battle of Yorktown—1781 | French blockade aided this final battle Escape for the British was impossible British General Cornwallis faced American forces approximately twice his size Approximately 8,700 British troops surrendered Pinned in by American and French Naval fleets General Benjamin Lincoln accepted the surrender sword British bands played “The World has Turned Upside Down” |
| The Treaty of Paris | 1783: The Treaty of Paris officially ends the Revolutionary War Officially ended the American Revolution Set many geographic borders, including U.S. and Canada Florida was returned to Spain British merchants must be paid for lost items Loyalists must be paid for lost property |
| The Aftermath | Penalties inflicted on Loyalists Some Loyalists were “tarred and feathered” and put on ships bound for Canada or Great Britain |
| The Articles of Confederation | Written by John Dickson in 1777 Ratified in 1781 Governed Americans in 1781-1787 Paved way for new Constitution |
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