Flashcards
Models of memory
Cards in this deck (33)
- 1Definitions of Coding & the procedure of a study conducted to investigate itCoding: the process of converting the format in which info is store in the memory store
- Baddeley: gave 4 types of word lists: acoustically similar, acoustically dissimilar, semantically similar, semantically dissimilar - 2Findings of Baddeley's study (2) *1- Had to recall immediately: did worse on acoustically similar words (STM - acoustic coding)
- Had to recall after 20 mins: did worse on semantically similar words (LTM - semantic coding) - 3Capacity of STM: Who developed the digit span technique & what were the findings? *7- Joseph Jacobs
- Gives a sequence of digits for a short split of second and asks to recall it. If correct, increase the sequence by one digit
- For digits: 9.3// letters: 7.3 - 4Capacity of STM: Miller (3) *2The magic number seven plus or minus two
1. Everyday things often come in sevens: musical notes, days of a week, deadly sins -> so span of imm mem 7-/+ 2
2. Not individual digits or letters, but chunks of info, so can recall same number of words as letters - 5Duration of STM: study procedure (4)Peterson x2:
- Presented 24 students with consonant trigrams e.g. LDH
- Required to count numbers backward in threes to prevent rehearsal
- Asked to recall them after retention intervals of 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 - 6Duration of STM: Findings (3) + Atkinson and Shiffrin- After 3 sec: 90% recalled correctly
- After 9 sec: 20% recalled
- After 18 sec: 2% - 7Duration of LTM: procedure (2)Bahrick et al.
- Tested memory of 400 graduates of an American high school aged 17-74
- Tasks included photo recognition test & free recall test (names of their class - 8Duration of LTM: Findings (2) *3- Recognition test: up to 15yrs - 90%, after 48 yrs - 70%
- Free recall test: up to up to 15yrs - 60%, after 48 yrs - 30% - 9What is the multi-store model of memory?Atkinson and Shiffrin. Describes how info flows (is processed) through the memory system
- 10Describe sensory register (6)- Consists of 5 memory stores
- Modality-specific: e.g. iconic memory-visual; echoic- acoustic
- Duration: less than a second
- High capacity
- Unconscious; raw (unprocessed) info
- To pass further, attention required - 11STM (4) *4- Limited capacity store: can only contain certain number of things bef forgetting takes place (5-9 items)
- Maintenance rehearsal: continually reinserting it into the rehearsal loop
- Elaborative rehearsal: transfer to LTM
-Lasts about 30 sec if no maintenance; decays - 12MSM evaluation: Research support - case of HM(3)- Had an epilepsy, so undergone a surgery removing hippocampus
- Could not recall someone he talked to an hour ago & read same magazine repeatedly
- But performed well on immediate memory span tests - 13MSM evaluation: Too simplistic (3) *5- Shallice and Warringyon: KF had amnesia, STM very poor when read out to him, but ok when read to himself => several stores in STM
- HM and Clive Wearing: episodic memory impaired, but semantic + procedural memory relatively unaffected e.g. CW - piano
- Elaborative rehearsal needs conscious effort => cannot explain flashbulb memory - 143 types of long-term memory identified by Tulving- Episodic: personal events. time-stamped. includes several elements. need conscious effort to retrieve
- Semantic: knowledge and facts
- Procedural: memory for actions, skills. No conscious effort. Hard to explain - 15Evaluation of Tulving's theory: Neuroimaging evidence (2) *6Tulving
- PET scan while memory tasks, and found that left prefrontal cortex: semantic. right prefrontal cortex: episodic
=> physical reality - 16Two weaknesses of Tulving's theory- Clinical evidence: serious lack of control of vars
- Cohen and Squire: episodic and semantic memories represent one type of LTM called declarative memory (consciously recalled) - 17What model explains how STM is organised and how it functions? *8The Working Memory Model, suggested by Baddeley and Hitch
- 18What does the model say about the structure of STM? (2)- Processes info using sub-units (slave system) co-ordinated by a central decision-making system
- 4 components: central executive, phonological loop, episodic buffer, visuo-spatial sketchpad - 19Central executive (3)- An attention process monitoring incoming data and decides which resources are needed
- No capacity
- Allocates tasks to slave systems - 20Phonological loop (5)- Deals with auditory info and preserves the order of arrival// speech-based form
- Phonological store (inner ear): stores what we hear
- Articulatory process (voice): allows maintenance rehearsal to keep sounds or words in the working memory
- Capacity: 2-seconds worth of saying - 21Visuo-spatial sketchpad (4) *8- Stores visual and spatial info
- Baddeley: capacity is 3-4 objects
- Visual cache: visual data
- Inner scribe: records arrangement of objects in the visual field - 22How does the case study of KF supports the WWM? (3)poor STM for verbal ability but normal for visual information
-> damage only on phonological loop
-> however, case study so may not be generalisable - 23Which study done by Baddeley supports the idea of articulatory process?word length effect
- 24Key study done by Baddeley and Hitch (3)Dual-task performance
- Conducted a lab exp in which ppts were asked to perform digit span task and verbal reasoning task at the same time
- As digit seq bec longer, took more time to answer to Qs but less than a sec diff
- Diff stores, so no competition - 25Evaluation on the idea of central executive (3)- Cognitive psychologists: the explanation is unsatisfactory and has no meaning. "attention" is too vague.
- Braver et al: as tasks became harder, activity of prefrontal cortex increased
-> demands of CE increased, so STM worked more - 26*1 Coding evaluation (4):( May not be LTM: 20 minutes really LTM questionable
:( STM not exclusively acoustic: Brandimote - used visual coding when given visual task & verbal rehearsal X
:(LTM not exclusively semantic: Frost - rel to visual as well as sem categories// Nelson and Rothbert found evidence of acoustic -> dep on circumstances - 27*2 Capacity evaluation (3):( Maybe even more limited: Cowan - reviewed studies & concl. about 4 chunks
= lower end of Miller's range more appro.
:( Size of chunk matters: Simon - ppl have shorter memory span for larger chunks e.g. eight-word phrase than one-syllable word
:(Indv Diff: Jacobs - inc with age (8yr old: 6.6 digits, 19yr old: 8.6 digits) - 28*3 Duration evaluation (3):| Artificial: consonant syllables reflect X everyday memory activities (meaningful things), but useful for phone numbers or postcode
:(May be due to displacement: counting numbers, so displace syllables => not duration but capacity
:| Bahrick: real-life vars, but ex Vs contX - 29*4 LTM (3)- Potentially permanent store for info that has been rehearsed for a prolonged time
- Capacity and duration believed to be unlimited: Bahrick - after 50 yrs, can recognise some of the classmates
- For retrieval, transferred back to STM => Atk+Shiff: none recalled directly from LTM - 30*5 More on MSM evaluation: support and contrasting evidence for separation of stores:) LTM and STM separate: Baddeley - coding differ
:( LTM and STM separate? Ruchkin - immediate recall of real and pseudo-words had large diff in brain activity => STM is part of LTM (draw meaning from it) + both prefrontal cortex (Braver, Tulving) - 31*6 Two other strengths of Tulving's theoryClinical evidence:
- Episodic memory severely impaired as a conseq of amnesia e.g. recall past events
- Semantic rel unaffected e.g. meaning of words like 'dog', and procedural memory intact e.g. piano, tying shoelaces
Application:
- Belleville: trained ppts with mild cognitive imparimentperformed better on episodic memories => distinguishing enable specific treatments dev - 32*7 Study for capacity of sensory register (4)Sperling:
- Shown ppts chart of syllables for 50ms
- First condition - free recall, second condition accompanied by particular tone for each row
- Findings: first con - 4-5 items, second con - 3 items for each row
=> should be more (around 7), but image faded during 50ms + when reporting - 33*8 Episodic buffer (5)- Added in 2000
- inner television: projects info from the stores to be used by STM
- Temporary store that integrates info from diff slave systems
- Linked to LTM
- Limited capacity
Information
- Description
- AS - Level Psychology (A level stuff) Flashcards on Models of memory, created by Field Jellyfish on 17/12/2016.
- Created by
- Field Jellyfish
- Views
- 1
- Rating