Flashcards
Language and Cognition
Cards in this deck (54)
- 1Cognitive Revolution- 19th century focused on the mind: INTROSPECTION (behaviourists foused on overt responses)
-empirical study of cognition: 1956 conference: 1. Simon (Herbert) + Newell
2. Chomsky
3. Miller - 2Simon (Herbert) + Newelldescribed and explained first computer program to problem solve human issues
- 3ChomskyDeveloped anew model of language explaining the language ability is wired-in
- 4Millerdepicted that short term memory capacity is 7 items +/- 2 items
- 5Why was Skinners work criticalothers furthered their research: meaning others began more memory/cognition research leading to neuroscience: brain processing/remembering + using info
- 6How are language and cognition relatedknown: cognition --related -> to language
ALSO
some people believe
language ----> cognition - 7Sapir-Whorf"linguistic-relaitvity hypothesis"
different cultures affect different languages meaning diff cognition
eg. inuit: more words for snow: think diff about snow - 8linguistic relativity hypothesisdifferent cultures--> different language--> different cognition
eg. cognitiveness on snow
colour perception - 9Characteristics of "True" language1. creative (new forms, never heard)
2. Rule Governed (highly structured)
3. Meaningful (semantic)
4. Referential (talk about something-refer)
5. Interpersonal Function (establishment of relationships, someone to distract, talk be there- mechanism to establish, maintain develop relations - 10Creative: eg. English: # of sentences of 20 words or less:10 to the power 30
- 11Language is rule governored to generate understanding: explain "hafta""hafta" is sloppy form of "have to"
rule: two voiced consonants, two unvoiced consonants can be in sequence in a word BUT
an voiced and unvoiced consonant cant be beside each other in a word - 121. unvoiced consonant 2. voiced consonant1. vocal cord vibration: b, g, d, v, z
2. less to no vibration: p, k, t, f, s
(ft = okay, vt= bad, why we say hafta) - 13What is comprehension + recall effected bymeaningfulness + grammatically
- 14problem of rules being descriptive:people perceive as prescriptive: the way it ought to be, rules serves as standards: when different known as substandard
- 15Cultures affects on rulesovertime and over different cultures rules may change due to cultures feeling rules are meaningless due to communication differences
- 16Generative + justify views of different cultures languagesdiff. languages used to justify racist/ sexiat attitudes if groups speak diff. rules which means substandard language therefore substandard culture
- 17Differences of language w/ culture wrt male vs. femalemisunderstandings + conflict in conversations due to: 1. assume same rules + 2. but follow diff rules
eg. in convo ppl assume person of power is make b/c female weaker - 18First 3 Language Development stages:1. babbling (all babies, all cultures)
2. one word speech (no functions, dynamic)
3. two word speech (telegraphic -syntax): doer-action-done to: not 3 words b/c STM limitations - 19What babies babbleall babies babble the same until develop cultures language
- 20What happens in later language development stages- longer utterances occur
- errors appear: overgeneralizations, plural formations, use of nouns as verbs, since "doer-action-done to"
-- despite going back in language form: speakin in past tense is forward movement cognitively - 21Babbling in the manual mode: featured study by Laura Pettitobelieves: babbling as a function of developing lang. capacity
-5 infants: 3 hearing, 2 deaf: analyzed at stages of sound/ gesture babbling
-32-71% of deaf gestures= forms of babbling, 4-15% hearing gestures = babbling
babbling not just function of development motor but devel. lang. capacity - 22Ellen Bialystork: York University studies of bilingualism shows:^ cognitive flexibility,
^ levels of controlled processing
^ levels of literacy
positive effects in old age - 23While Bilinguals + unilinguals show same brain loss associated w/ alzheimers, what do bilinguals do different:bilinguals move function to another location in brain: higher brain plasticity
- 243 Theories of language development1. Behaviorist theory: skinner
2. Nativist theory: chomsky
3. interactionist theory: combine skinner + chomsky - 25Behaviorist theoryBY: SKINNER
all learning is the same: reinforcement and imitation + other conditioning --> vocalizations shaped by parental reinforcement until correct
(chomsky says not enough time to cover everything) - 26Nativist TheoryBY: CHOMSKY
"LAD" language acquisition device": innate mechanism facilitating language learning.
biologically equipped for it: wired-in and is predisposition "built in capacity"
all kids develop about same age - 27Interactionist TheoryCOMBO
biology + experience - 28What influences thoughtculture influences thought.
- 29Field Dependencerelying on external frames of reference--> problem solving, focus on total problems (not parts), tend to rely on info provided by outer world, field or frame of situation + cognition
- 30Field Independencerely on internal frames of reference-- break down larger problems into smaller parts
- 31Who came up w/ hollistic/analytical thinking theoryNisbett
- 32Analytical Theory(field dep.)
involves understanding a system by thinking about its parts + how work together to produce larger scale effects
More Eastern countries thinking - 33Hollistic Theory(field indep.)
understanding a system by sensing large scale problem + reacting to them
More Western countries thinking - 34Faulty Decision Making caused by:Kahneman + tversky
heuristics: simple, efficient rules that ppl use to make decisions - 353 types of heuristics1. Availability
2. Representativeness
3. anchoring + adjustment - 36Availability Heuristicbasing estimating probability on ease of relevant instances that come to mind
eg. more likely to think more words begin w/ k then words w/ k as third letter - 37Representativeness Heuristicestimating probability on how similar something is to typical prototype of event (flip coins w/ random result over all tails)
- 38Thinking fast + slowtheory by Gerd Gigerenzer:
1. fast: automatic- derive sense of choice, read, sense hostility
2. slow: more controlled, looking around crowd, tax forms - 39Kahneman + Tversky say decisions are typically made:irrationally + bias
- 40Faulty Decision Making: Conjunction Fallacyassuming two things go better together then on their own
- 41Faulty Decision Making: Behavioral Economicsframing decisions by economic situations
eg. there being a credit surcharge vs believing discount paying cash - 42who did the teaching chimp language theoryterrace-- believe it ended up being imitation + operant conditioning, rather than real language
- 43Hierachy of Language1. phenomemes (basic sounds)
2. morphememes (basic meanings- single formed words)
3. meaning - 44Syntaxsystem of rules specify how words can be arranged in sentences
- 45Semanticsunderstanding meanings of words and sentences
- 46Go over language development milestondesch. 8 textbook notes
- 47Fast-mappingprocess by which children map words on to underlying concepts after only one exposure
- 48overextensionsincorrectly uses word to describe wider set of objects/ action then met
eg. ball = orange fruit - 49underextensionsnarrower set of objects/actions
eg. doll = name for fav toy - 50telegraphicspeech consist mainly content words
eg. "give doll" w/ NO please, etc. - 51Overregulationsgrammatical rules incorrectly generalized to irregular cases where they do not apply
"hitted ball" - 52metalinguisitc awarenessreflect on use of language
eg. jokes/puns - 53TED Talkwhen ppl expect values= odds of gain x value of gain
a good deal once great is worse than an awful deal once horrible - 54—
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- Psych Flashcards on Language and Cognition, created by ally Govier on 19/01/2017.
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- ally Govier
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