Flashcards
psychology - Attachment
Cards in this deck (83)
- 1What does attachment mean?A. An emotional bond between 2 people
- 2What are the 4 characteristics of attachment that Macoby discovered?A. . Seek proximity of each other
. Distress on separation
. Joy on renunion
. General orientation of behaviour towards the other person - 3What do Macoby's characteristics mean?A. seek proximity - near each other and spend time together
. Distress on separation - young infant shows distress when caregiver leaves
. Joy on reunion - infant welcomes back attachment figure
. general orientation - baby and caregiver direct attention to each other - 4Name the 2 features of caregiver-infant interactionsA. . reciprocity
. Interactional synchrony - 5What does reciprocity mean?A. when interactions flows both ways - adult and infant
- 6What does interactional synchrony mean?A. When 2 people move in the same pattern
- 7Who researched caregiver - infant interactions with interactional synchrony?A. Meltzoff and Moore
Murray and Trevarthen
Isabella
Le Vine - 8What did Meltzoff and Moore do?A. did a controlled observation using videotapes of an infant interacting with an adult to see is the infant would copy facial and hand gestures
- 9What did Murray and Trevarthen do?A. Showed video footage to an infant of their mother - one tape mother responded to infants movements - second tape mother was expressionless on still tape - infant became distressed
- 10What did Isabella find?A. Found more strongly attached infant - caregiver pairs showed greater interactional synchrony
- 11What did Le Vine's research suggest about interactional synchrony?A. Did not find interactional synchrony across cultures
- 12Who did research on physical contact?A. Klaus and Kennell
- 13What did Klaus and Kennell do?A. mothers who held babies for longer periods of time straight after birth = physically closer - early bonding
- 14Who researched in development of attachment?A. Schaffer and Emerson
- 15What did Schaffer and Emerson do?A. used working class Glasgow families on 60 babies - children studied in own home and researcher observed interactions with their carers
- 16Name the 2 ways attachment was measured in Schaffer and Emerson's study?A. Separation protest
Stranger anxiety - 17What results did Schaffer and Emerson conclude?A. 65% = formed first attachment with mothers
3% = first main attachment to father, 27% = fathers joint first of attachment
31% = formed 5 attachments
39% = prime attachment was not main carer
started to show protest separation at 6-8 months - 18What stages of development did Schaffer and Emerson find?A. birth - 3months = pre - attachment phase - infants attached to humans
3-7/8months = Indiscriminate attachment - smile at known people - allow strangers near
7/8 months = Discriminate attachment - develop specific attachments
9 months onwards = multiple attachment stage - more than one attachment - 19What does primary attachment figure mean?A. Person who has formed the closest bond with the child
- 20What does separation anxiety mean?A. Distress shown by an infant when separated from his/her caregiver
- 21What does stranger anxiety mean?A. Distress shown by an infant when approached or picked up by someone unfamiliar
- 22What does attachment suggest about the role of fathers?A. It suggests that fathers are to give the infant a more physical, playful and provides the child with more challenging situations
- 23Who researched about the role of the father?A. Geiger
Lamb
Hrdy - 24What did Geiger find on the role of the father?A. found that fathers playful interactions are more pleasurable = fathers are more playmates than caregivers
- 25What did Lamb find on the role of the father?A. children preferred interacting with fathers when in a positive emotional state - he also found that fathers who became the main caregiver = quickly develop more sensitivity to children's needs
- 26What did Hrdy find?A. He reported that fathers are less able than mothers to detect low levels of infant distress
- 27What does imprinting mean?A. An innate readiness to develop a strong bond with the mother
- 28What does the critical period mean?A. specific time period during which an attachment must form
- 29Who studied imprinting?A. Lorenz
- 30What did Lorenz do to study imprinting?A. divided goose eggs in 2 halves
- one half left to hatch with mother (control group)
- other half were to hatch in an incubator - first person they saw was Lorenz - 31What were Lorenz's results?A. - control group went straight to the mother
- Incubator went straight to Lorenz
- Imprinting will take place between 4-25 hours
- later on goslings tried to mate with humans - 32What did Harlow do to Rhesus Monkeys study?A. 16 monkeys separated from their mothers and placed in cages with a cloth and wire mother =
1. wire mother produces milk, cloth mother produces not milk
2. wire mother produces no milk, cloth mother produces milk
3. wire mother produces milk
4. cloth mother produces milk - 33Results of Harlow's researchA. - All of the monkeys spend more time with the cloth mother
- monkeys would return to cloth mother from feeding with wire mother - even when cloth mother wasn't producing milk
- if frightened would go to cloth mother - 34What are the 2 explanations of attachment?A. learning theory
Bowlby's monotropic theory - 35What does the Learning theory suggest about attachment?A. It argues that we are born a Tabula Rasa - blank slate = so attachment is from learnt behaviours through experiences with the envirnoment
- 36What are the 2 conditioning in the learning theory?A. Operant
Classical - 37What is Operant conditioning?A. law of effect - action that has a pleasurable outcome will be repeated in similar circumstances
- 38What are the 2 reinforcement in Operant conditioning?A. Positive
negative - 39What does positive reinforcement mean?A. When behaviour involves something pleasant for a behaviour e.g when a child receives a sticker at school
- 40What does negative reinforcement mean?A. When behaviour results in the removal of something unpleasant e.g. a child does not receive a detention for completing their homework
- 41What are the 2 reinforcers in operant conditioning?A. Primary
Secondary - 42What does primary and secondary reinforcers mean?A. primary - biological and humans are naturally responsive to them
secondary - source of the reward i.e. the mother - 43In classical conditioning what happens before the conditioning to the infant?A. the food given to infant is the unconditioned stimulus and the babies response is unconditioned response
- 44In classical conditioning what happens during the conditioning of the infantA. the mother is the neutral stimulus as she provides the food which is the unconditioned stimulus making the baby happy which is the unconditioned response
- 45In classical conditioning what happens after the conditioning of the child?A. the mother is the conditioned stimulus as the baby knows the mother provides the food causing the baby to be happy giving a conditioned response
- 46What are the key principles in Bowlby's evolutionary theory?A. Adaptive and innate
Monotropy
critical period
social releasers
secure base
Internal working model
continuity hypothesis
Maternal deprivation hypothesis - 47What does Adaptive and innate mean?A. Bowlby believed the innate drive to become attached has long term benefits = ensures that infants stay close to caregiver for food and protection
- 48What does monotropy and critical period meanA. Monotropy = believed that all children form a number of attachments - but one has a significant importance
Critical period = crucial period for attachment to form (3-6 months) - 49What does social releasers and secure base mean?A. Social releasers = characteristics that encourage caregiving i.e. smiling
Secure base = having protection allows infants to feel comfortable and confident - 50A. What does internal working model and continuity hypothesis mean?A. Internal working model = infant forms a mental representation of the primary attachment relationship
Continuity hypothesis = a link between early attachments and later emotional behaviour - 51What does maternal deprivation hypothesis mean?A. a child does not form an attachment within the critical period
- 52What does reunion behaviour mean?A. is the response the infant gives to the mothers return
- 53Who created the strange situation?A. Mary Ainsworth
- 54What happened in the strange situation 1, 2, 3 and 4?A. 1. observer introduces mother and infant to room
2. Mother is passive while infant explores
3. stranger enters - 1 min = stranger is silent - 2 min = stranger converses with mother - 3 min = mother leaves and stranger approaches child
4. stranger's behaviour goes towards the infant - 55What happened in steps 5, 6, 7 and 8 in the strange situation?A. 5. 1st renunion - stranger leaves + mother greets infant - mother then leaves
6. 2nd separation infant is alone
7. stranger then enters and goes towards the infant
8. second renunion - mother enters and picks up infant as the stranger leaves - 56What are the 3 types of attachment and what percentage did they get?A. secure - 70%
Insecure avoidant - 15%
Insecure resistant - 15% - 57How do infants act in secure attachment?A. - mother present - infant plays contentedly
- mother leaves - infant gets distressed
- stranger enters - mother and stranger are treated differently
- mother returns - wanted comfort - 58How do infants act in insecure avoidant?A. - mother present - ignores their mother (indifferent)
- mother leaves - indifferent in absence
- stranger enters - acts indifferent
- mother returns - ignores mothers return - 59How do infants act in insecure resistant?A. - mother present - infants were fussy and wary
- mother leaves - distressed by her leaving
- stranger enters - high stranger anxiety
- mother returns - wanted contact when returned or resisted contact - 60Who used the strange situation with cultural variations?A. IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg
- 61What did Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg do?A. they performed meta-analysis on 32 strange situation studies that had been conducted in 8 different countries.
- 62What did IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg find?A. - secure = most common attachment
- avoidant = second most common attachment type - exception to Israel and Japan
- West Germany = highest percentage of insecure avoidant - rare in japan and Isael
- China had lowest secure attachment - highest was GB
- Intra-cultural variations in attachment were 1.5 times greater than inter-cultural variations - 63What is deprivation?A. loss of emotional care that is normally provided by a primary caregiver
- 64What does affectionless psychopathy mean?A. lack of normal signs of affection, shame or sense of responsibility
- 65What does delinquency mean?A. anti-social behaviour or criminal activity
- 66What does Bowlbys maternal deprivation hypothesis indicate?A. Children who do not form attachments would suffer irreversible cognitive and social damage, including affectionless psychopathy, delinquency and low IQ
- 67Who did the 44 juvenile thieves study?A. Bowlby
- 68What did Bowlby do in the 44 juvenile thieves study?A. 88 children attended a clinic and placed in groups 1 and 2. Group 1 - thief group = 31 boys and 13 girls - Group 2 - control group = 34 boys and 10 girls.
- 69What did Bowlby find in his 44 juvenile thieves studyA. - thief group = 14/44 children were affectionless psychopaths and 12/44 of those had prolonged separation from their mothers
- remaining 30 thieves not considered affectionless psychopaths - 5 had experienced separations
- 44 children in control group only 2 had experienced prolonged separation - none were affectionless psychopaths - 70who did AO3 research for Bowlby's maternal deprivation hypothesisA. Marian Rodke Yarrow - depressed mothers
James roberston - child in hospital
Michael rutter - privation
Barrett - securely attached children - 71What is institutionalisation?A. a place dedicated to a particular task i.e. looking after mentally ill people
- 72Name the 4 effects of institutionalisationA. Physical underdevelopment - physically small
Intellectual underfunctioning - low IQ
Disinhibited attachment - be familiar with strangers (no discrimination)
Poor parenting - women raised in institutes = children more time in care - 73Name the 4 factors of recoveryA. Quality of care in the institution
Age of child
Quality of care after institutionalisation
follow on experience in later life - 74Who did the English - Romanian adoptee study ?A. Rutter and songua - barke
- 75Who did research for AO3 in investigating for institutionalisation?A. Hodges and Tizard - children in institutes within 4 months + suffered from privation
Spitz - south american orphanages - staff were untrained
Freud and Dann - children placed in concentration camps - 76What does Internal working model mean?A. Early relationships create expectations of what future relationships should be like
- 77what does continuity hypothesis mean?A. consistency between early emotional experiences and later relationships
- 78What are childhood relationships?A. Infant attachments influence childhood relationships and individual differences in cognitive abilities, emotional responses and social skills - secure attachment = higher expectations, friendly, trusting and better relationships
- 79What is attachment disorder?A. psychiatric disorder - children experience neglect, change in caregiver, no attachment figure and inability to interact with others
- 80Who did research for AO3 on childhood relationships?A. Belsky - secure children = more empathetic, resilient and form close relationships, get on better with children
- 81Who did research on adult relationships?A. Hazan and shaver - used the love quiz, 620 responses, age range 14-82
- 82What did Hazan and Shaver find?A. 56% = secure
25% = avoidant
19% = resistant - 83What were the responses for secure, avoidant and insecure for Hazan and Shaver?A. secure - longer lasting relationships, marriage lasted and were happy, friendly + trusting
avoidant - fear intimacy and jealous - romantic love rarely lasts
insecure - obsessive and jealous - doubtful, rarely found real love
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- A level Psychology Flashcards on psychology - Attachment, created by Libby Collingwood on 27/02/2017.
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- Libby Collingwood
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