Flashcards
Chapter 8 & Chapter 9
Cards in this deck (30)
- 1empiricismsuggests that all knowledge originates in experience
- 2classical conditioning
- 3law of effect (Edwin Thorndike)when a behavior or performance is accompanied by satisfaction, it tends to happen again
- 4habit drivehabit: refers to some kind of learned association between a stimulus and a response that makes them occur together frequently.
drive: a strong stimulation that produces discomfort such as hunger. - 5primary drivesphysiological processes that are necessary for an organism's survival, such as the drives of hunger, thirst, and need for sleep.
- 6secondary driveslearned on the basis of primary ones
ex: being motivated to eat at one's usual dinner hour or wanting to earn money in order to buy food. - 7reinforcerany event that increases the likelihood of a particular response
- 8Primary reinforcersoriginally neutral but require reward value when they are associated with a state of physical well-being.
- 9hierarchy of responserefers to a tendency for certain responses to occur before others
ex: an animal runs to avoid a shock rather than cringe and bear it in pain - 10four main conceptual parts (Dollard and Miller)
- 11Frustration vs conflictFrustration- occurs when unable to reduce a drive bc response that satisfies it is blocked.
Conflict- occurs when frustration arises from a situation in which incompatible responses are occurring at the same time. - 12approach-approach conflictthe individual is simultaneously attracted to two goals that have positive value but are incompatible
ex: you are in love with two people at once and are forced to make a choice - 13avoidance-avoidance conflicta person faces two undesirable alternatives
ex: hot plate is burning you but if you drop it, it will make a mess - 14approach-avoidance conflictone goal both attracts and repels the individual
ex: your date is both attractive and obnoxious - 15double approach-avoidancean individual must deal simultaneously with multiple goals that both attract and repel
- 16respondent behaviorrefers to reflexes or automatic responses that are elicited by stimuli
ex: unlearned behaviors- if something we touch is hot we automatically move hand away - 17operant behaviorsresponses emitted without stimulus necessarily being present
ex: an infant swings an arm or moves a leg and certain consequences follow when acted upon environment - 18operant conditioningspontaneous behaviors whose consequences determine their subsequent frequency
- 19observational learningattentional, retention, motor reproduction, and motivational processes that play a role in learning
- 20self-regulationinfluencing one's own behavior and entails self-monitoring, self-judgement, and affective self-reaction
- 21self-efficacyrefers to people's beliefs that they can successfully perform behaviors that will produce desired effects
- 22moral disengagementpermits individuals and institutions to perpetuate and encourage violence and other inhumane activities while justifying and exonerating their behavior
- 23self-systemcognitive structures that provide reference mechanisms
- 24I-E scaleassessment tool that measures an individual's perception of control
(I) assume that their own behaviors and actions are responsible for the consequences that happen to them.
(E) believe that control is out of their hands. - 25locus of controlextent to which an individual believes that reinforcements are controlled by his/her own behavior
or by people/outside forces such as luck or fate - 26behavior potentiallikelihood that a particular response behavior will occur in a given situation
- 27expectancyrefers to individuals' subjective expectations about the outcome of their behavior
- 28reinforcement valuethe importance or preference of a particular reinforcement for an individual
- 29psychological situationrefers to the psychological context in which the individual responds
- 30behavioral specificityan individual's behavior is influenced by the specific situation
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- Psychology Flashcards on Chapter 8 & Chapter 9, created by Valerie Ponce on 01/03/2017.
- Created by
- Valerie Ponce · Mar 2017
- Updated
- Apr 6, 2018
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