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Flashcards

Accessory Organs and ORT

Louise Mason Veterinary Medicine Animal Disease 1 English 67 cards

Cards in this deck (67)

  1. 1What do the concentration of Bicarbonate and Chlorine ions in pancreatic juice depend on?Rate of Secretion
  2. 2In what part of the pancreas is Bicarbonate taken up into the secretion?Extralobular Duct
  3. 3What other ion is also taken up with Bicarbonate in the pancreas?Sodium ions
  4. 4Through which duct does the Sodium Bicarbonate secretion travel through to be released?Collecting Duct
  5. 5What is a function of Bicarbonate with regard to duodenal function?protects duodenal mucosal membrane from acidic stomach contents
  6. 6What function does Bicarbonate have in terms of other pancreatic secretions?provides the optimal pH for pancreatic enzymes
  7. 7In the horse and the pig, what does bicarbonate help to do?maintains stable conditions for digestion in the caecum and colon
  8. 8What effect does Secretin have on the pancreas?stimulates the release of Bicarbonate ions
  9. 9What is the stimulus for secretin release?low pH in the duodenum (example of negative feedback)
  10. 10What stimulus results in the secretion of pancreatic enzymes?food material in the duodenum
  11. 11In which types of animals can food be almost completely digested by enzymes without needing pancreatic juices?carnivores and omnivores
  12. 12Which enzyme is only produced in the pancreas?Lipase
  13. 13When the pancreas secretes enzymes, what form are they in?Inactivated enzymes
  14. 14What enzyme is responsible for activating Trypsinogen?Enteropeptidase
  15. 15Which activated enzyme is needed to activate all other pancreatic enzymes?Trypsin
  16. 16Why does the pancreas only produce and activate inactive enzymes?Active enzymes could start breakdown processes in the pancreas and damage gland cells
  17. 17Why is a full set of digestive enzymes needed?allows complete digestion and nutrition
  18. 18In what phase of pancreatic secretion does only enzyme production increase?Cephalic Phase
  19. 19What are liver capillaries called and how are they different from normal capillaries?Sinusoids; larger than other capillaries
  20. 20What is the normal functioning of the liver system almost entirely dependent on?normal blood pressure to allow blood flow through the capillary network
  21. 21What functions does the liver carrying out using secretions?Fat digestions using bile salts and pH control using Bicarbonate ions
  22. 22List 6 main functions of the liver excluding fat digestions and pH controlMetabolism Regulation, Protein Synthesis, Glycogen regulation, Vitamin and Iron storage, degrading steroid hormones and detoxification
  23. 23What is enteroheptic circulation?recirculation between the small intestine and liver (mainly bile salts)
  24. 24What does bile contain?bile salts, bile pigment and cholesterol
  25. 25What does enteroheptic circulation also do with regards to nutrients?regulates the absorbed nutrients and their release into the blood
  26. 26What is the main function of bile?Aids fat digestion
  27. 27How does bile work to digest fats?Bile salts form micelles and phospholipids and cholesterol dissolve in the central hydrophobic area
  28. 28Where are bile canaliculi found within the liver?between hepatocytes
  29. 29What are the features of bile canaliculi to move bile?tight junctions and microvilli to contain and move bile to the bile ducts
  30. 30How are bile acids synthesised in the liver?from cholesterol
  31. 31In addition to new synthesis, how else can bile be made in the liver?Recovery of bile acids from portal blood and re-conjugation using Na-coupled transport
  32. 32What percentage of bile acids are reabsorbed at the end of the intestinal tract?95%, only 5% lost in excretion
  33. 33In primary synthesis, what happens to the bile acids that are initially made?conjugated to glycine or taurine
  34. 34Why do primary bile acids need to be joined to an amino acid?charges/ionizes the bile acid relative to normal pH so that it can't freely pass through membranes (lowers the pKa values)
  35. 35What stimulates the secretion of bile from the liver?vagal nerve activity and action of secretin
  36. 36When is bile production at its fastest rate?When bile salts recirculate between the liver and small intestine after a meal
  37. 37Biles acids also can act as which type of molecule?signalling molecule with endocrine and paracrine functions
  38. 38Absorption of water is dependent upon absorption of which ion?Sodium
  39. 39In the dog and most omnivores, where does the majority of water absorption take place?in the small intestine (90-95%)
  40. 40In dogs and omnivores, how efficient is the colon at absorbing water?absorbs 60-80% of the water it receives
  41. 41Which common domestic species has the greatest faecal water loss?Cow, up to 40L lost per day
  42. 42In the small intestines, where does all water movement take place?between cells
  43. 43How is Sodium taken up into cells from the lumen of the gut?Coupled transporter that moves Na with a sugar/amino acid across the apical membrane
  44. 44Once in the enterocyte, what happens to the Sodium ions?they are transported via Na/K ATPase into the lateral space
  45. 45What is the name of the theory for water absorption?Standing gradient osmosis
  46. 46Via what other symporter is Sodium taken up into enterocyte cells/Sodium/H+ co-transporter
  47. 47What other ion is drawn into the lateral space and how?Chlorine ions: Bicarbonate/Chlorine co transporter on the apical membrane takes Chlorine into the cell which then diffuses into the lateral space ; can also directly enter lateral space due to the positive charge of Sodium ions being built up
  48. 48What does the movement of solutes into the lateral space create?an osmotic gradient in the space relative to the lumen of the gut and the enterocyte
  49. 49What is the name for the movement of substances from the enterocyte to the lateral space?transcellular movement
  50. 50What is the name for the movement of substances directly from the lumen of the gut into the lateral space?paracellular
  51. 51Why does water enter the lateral space?High osmotic potential due to build up of solutes draws water in
  52. 52What effect does water have on the pressure within the lateral space and what is the result of this?Increases the hydrostatic pressure, leading to a bulk flow of near isotonic solution across the basement membrane into the blood
  53. 53What is the secretory cause of diarrhoea?unregulated secretion due to bacterial toxins, exceeds the absorptive capacity of the small intestine and large bowel
  54. 54What is the osmotic cause of diarrhoea?unabsorbed solute causes water to leave the ECF and enter the gut, the greater volume of water in the gut increases and ECF Sodium and Chlorine concentrations increase
  55. 55What does Hypermotility mean as a cause of diarrhoea?gut contents move too fast more digestion and absorption to take place, induced by gut irritants
  56. 56How does impaired absorption of the gut cause diarrhoea?Tissue damage (damage to the villi of epithelial cells) prevents normal reabsorption rates and so gut contents are more watery
  57. 57What does entero-systemic balance mean?balance between water inputs and water outputs within the body
  58. 58What does isotonic fluid loss mean?The fluid lost from diarrhoea has the same ionic composition as ECF, and so only volume is lost
  59. 59What does hypotonic fluid loss mean?more water is taken in than solutes, so solutes are not replaced that have been lost in diarrhoea
  60. 60What is another name for the excessive loss of solutes from the gut contents leading to diarrhoea?Hyponatraemia
  61. 61What does hypertonic fluid loss mean?more water is lost in diarrhoea than solutes (sodium ions) so there's an overall increase in plasma and interstitial fluid concentrations
  62. 62What's the other term used to describe hypertonic diarrhoea?hypernatraemia
  63. 63At what percentage of ECF lost do symptoms of dehydration appear?15%
  64. 64What percentage of ECF needs to be lost for dehydration to be fatal?30%
  65. 65Why is drinking water an ineffective way to recover from dehydration?increasing water intake will only dilute ECF and not replenish solute losses so will make it worse and lead to hyponatraemia
  66. 66Why does an effective oral rehydration solution need to contain sugars and salts?Na is better absorbed due to the Na-couple transport mechanism in the enterocytes
  67. 67—

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Animal Disease 1 Veterinary Medicine Flashcards on Accessory Organs and ORT, created by Louise Mason on 01/03/2017.
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Louise Mason
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