Flashcards
The Multi-Store Model of Memory
Cards in this deck (20)
- 1Who devised the Multi-Store Model of Memory?Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968)
- 2SENSORY REGISTER What is the Sensory Register?An automatic response to the reception of sensory information and the first storage system within the MSM. All information contained within the STM and LTM will have passed through the sensory register first.
- 3What is the coding, capacity and duration of the Sensory Register?Coding - Info stored in a raw, unprocessed form, separate stores for different sensory inputs. Echoic store (auditory), Iconic store (visual), haptic store (tactile) and olfactory store (taste and smell).
Information that is paid attention to passes on to the STM while the remained fades quickly through trace decay.
Capacity - The SR has large capacity, containing lots of different types of information.
Duration - Very short as different types of info decay at different rates. - 4How does Crowder's research (1993) support the idea of separate stores in the SR?The SR retains info in the iconic store for a few mili-seconds, but for 2-3 seconds in the echoic store.
This supports the idea that sensory information is coded into different sensory stores. - 5SHORT TERM MEMORY What is the short term memory?Our present conscious experience where info is processed by attention and rehearsal and stored temporarily.
Coding - Info arrives in its original raw form and is encoded into an easier form, which could be visually, acoustically or semantically.
Capacity - Limited capacity.
Duration - 30 seconds. Can be extended by rehearsal of information to transfer into to LTM. - 6Outline the aims and procedures of Baddeley's study (1966) into coding in the short term memory.Baddeley (1966)
Aim - To explore the effects of acoustic and semantic coding in STM.
Procedure - Pps divided into four groups, each group heard 5 words. These words were either acoustically similar (man, mad, map), acoustically dissimilar (pen, day, few), semantically similar (big, great, large) or semantically dissimilar (hot, old, late). Immediately after hearing the words, the pps were asked to recall them in the correct order. - 7What did Baddeley find and conclude from his 1966 study?Findings - Acoustically similar words were much harder to recall in the correct order (55% accuracy) than acoustically dissimilar words (75% accuracy). However, these effects dissapeared when he measured LTM. Semantically similar words only had a slight detrimental effect,
Conclusions - A major factor affecting encoding is whether items are stored in STM or LTM. - 8Outline Brandimonte's Research into STM.Procedure - Pps were presented with six line drawings of familiar objects and asked to memorise them. They were then asked to form mental image of each shape, subtract a specific part of the drawing and name the resulting image. A second condition was given the same task but had to repeat 'la la la' whilst memorising the shapes.
Findings - In the first condition pps were able to name 2.7 out of 6 on average. In the second condition they scored 3.8. - 9What is Miller's Magic Number Seven?Miller found that most people have a digit span (capacity) of 7 (+/-2)
- 10How can STM capacity be improved?Chunking - combining individual letters or numbers into a larger, more meaningful unit.
- 11Outline a study into the STM's duration.Peterson & Peterson (1959)
Aim - To investigate how long info stays in the STM store when rehearsal is prevented.
Procedure - Presented pps with a series of trigrams, e.g. ZFB and asked to recall.
The various time intervals between presentations of trigrams was 3-18 seconds.
Findings - 90% of trigrams were recalled after 3 seconds and 5% recalled after 18 seconds.
Conclusions - Findings of the study suggest STM has a capacity of 20-30 seconds. Info is lost very quickly. - 12How can Peterson & Peterson's 1959 research involving trigrams by criticised?Recalling nonsense trigrams has little relevance to STM tasks in every day life.
Therefore, the study lacks realism. - 13LONG TERM MEMORY What is the LTM?The LTM has unlimited capacity and duration if info is processed sufficiently. The complexity of the LTM has led to different types of memory being identified, e.g. procedural and semantic.
Coding - Info processed semantically.
Capacity - Potentially unlimited.
Duration - Lifetime. - 14What did Baddeley (1966) also find about coding in the LTM?He found that when pps recalled from LTM, recall was much worse for semantically similar words (55% accuracy) than semantically dissimilar words (85% accuracy). This suggest that LTM primarily makes use of semantic coding shown by difficulties pps had recalling words with similar meanings.
- 15Who was Clive Wearing?Clive Wearing had his hippocampus destroyed by a viral infection and he was unable to lay down any new long term memories after the accident. However he was still able to sight read and play complex piano, suggesting his procedural memory was still intact.
This shows different STM and LTM stores. - 16Bahrick et al (1975) researched the duration of the LTM. What did they find?Procedure - 92 graduates shown photographs from their high-school yearbook. They were either given a group of names and asked to match names to photographs (recognition group) or they simply had to name people without a list (recall group).
Findings - Memory was better in recognition group. 90% accuracy after 14 years, 60% accuracy after 47 years.
Recall group had 60% after 7, 20% after 47. - 17RESEARCH EVIDENCE Outline research by Glanzer and Cunitz.They presented pps with a list of 20 words, presented one at a time. They then asked the pps to recall the words they could remember (free recall).
The serial position effect was observed - Primary effect (first words due to LTM)
Recency effect (recent items distinctive). - 18What did Beardsley (1997) and Squire et al (1993) find?Beardsley - the prefrontal cortex is active when indviduals engage STM.
Squire - Hippocampus is active when LTM is engaged. - 19Outline two strengths of the MSM1) Evidence from case studies... Wearing and HM support the existence of two separate stores (STM and LTM).
2) Evidence from lab studies... Glanzer and Cunitz. - 20Outline three weaknesses of the MSM1) Reductionist - It is an inflexible, simplistic model and cannot explain the entire memory.
2) Doesn't explain processes involved in encoding - There is too much emphasis on the structure of the memory system and the flow of information may not be as rigid as the model suggests, e.g. info may flow backwards from LTM. The model also doesn't recognise that STM relies on LTM.
3) The Working Memory Model - More comprehensive and detailed model of memory.
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- A level Psychology (Memory) Flashcards on The Multi-Store Model of Memory, created by Montanna Springer on 06/04/2017.
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