Flashcards
Urine analysis- Quiz
Cards in this deck (26)
- 1what are the reasons that urine is analysed for?Therapeutic drug monitoring
Toxicology testing
Trace metal analysis
serum protein analysis
kidney stone analysis
other special analysis e.g. infections - 2what is the main reason that urine is used for so many analytical tests ?because it is a highly concentrated liquid (125ml filtered and only 1ml excreted) which makes analysing much easier
also there is no interference from red blood cell or proteins
this combined means that some substances i.e. drugs, that are too low in blood to detect can be detected easier in urine as it is 100X more concentrated
also urine samples are much less invasive than blood samples. - 3what can a urine test look for?Macroscopic appearance;
-turbidity
-colour
- odour (ammonia, glucose)
- amount of urine
Microscopic;
- pathogenic organisms
- abnormal
- crystalline bodies
- cells
Biochemical
- toxicology
- electrolytes
- glucose levels
- Creatinine (inulin)
- tests to confirm leukocytes
- bilirubin and urobilinogen - 4what can make urine appear red?Blood- haematuria
Uroerythrin- natural pigments that appear after urine has been allowed to settle (normal)
some food colourings and beetroot - 5what can cause haematuria ?glomerulonephritis
polycystic kidney disease
urinary tract infection
trauma to kidneys or any other part of urinary tract - 6what is the standard test for haematuria?dipstick test involving cumene hydroperoxide and tetramethylbenzidine, which reacts with haemoglobin or myoglobin
- 7what is the most frequent causes of turbidity in urine?1) crystal formation (common and mostly harmless)
2) presence of cells- pathogens or leukocytes
*turbid urine should always be investigated - 8the volume of urine is frequently assessed how would this be done?by 24 hour samples
normal= 0.8-2.0L/day
polyuria= >5.0L/day
minimum= 500ml/day
oliguria= <0.4Lday
anuria(without urine) =<200ml/day - 9what odours could indicate an issue with urine?ammonia
sweat
maple syrup smell
acidic - 10what would ammonia smelling urine be suggestive of? and why?urinary tract infection with bacteria that are metabolising urea into ammonia
or
Kidney stones - 11what would maple syrup smelling urine be suggestive of?maple syrup disease AKA branched chain ketoaciduria
this is caused by a autosomal dominant disease that leads to abnormal metabolism of BCAA's and can lead to organic aciduria and BCAA's in urine - 12what would very sweat urine be suggestive of?diabetes mellitus
- 13why would we weight urine?because 1ml of water weights 1g and thus the addition of other molecules for the same mass, would increase the weight
- 14what is the name given to excess protein in urine?Proteinuria
- 15what is the normal level of protein in urine?<150mg/day
- 16protein levels of <300mg/day may be caused by what?orthostatic proteinuria (some individuals excrete small amounts of protein when standing)
exercise
fever
* this level of proteinuria is rarely a cause for concern (unless with haematuria) but may be require further monitoring - 17what level is it classed as proteinuria (with likely pathological processes) ?>450mg/day
*especially if erythrocytes are present as well - 18what is the level of proteinuria where glomerular proteinuria is most likely the cause?>1000mg/day
- 19nephrotic syndrome is generally accepted as resulting in what triad?Proteinuria of >3.0g/day
Hypoalbuminaemia <30g (blood test)
oedema - 20what is a cause of pre-renal proteinuria ?multiple myeloma
the neoplastic B-cells secrete Bruce-Jones proteins which is a monoclonal light chain of Ig's and this can easily pass through the glomeruli. - 21what is a cause of post renal proteinuria?urinary tract infection
- 22when assessing haematuria what other considerations must be made?is the patient menstruating
what is the GFR
is the blood visible
is there proteinuria - 23what are some causes of haematuria?infection
Tumours
kidney stones
glomerulonephritis - 24what cells might suggest a UTI?leukocytes or bacteria or yeast
- 25what a triple phosphate crystals?a normal finding but when in high concentrations, it may suggest kidney stones
- 26—
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- Clinical biochemistry Flashcards on Urine analysis- Quiz, created by David Fox on 29/04/2017.
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- David Fox
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