Flashcards
EPISTEMOLOGY DEFINITIONS
Cards in this deck (47)
- 1Propositional knowledgeKnowledge that P.
- 2EnquiryFinding out a matter of fact. The goal of enquiry is knowledge.
- 3ValuesThings that enquiry aims at ie true belief or knowledge.
- 4Instrumental valueServes a valuable purpose eg to fulfil a goal.
- 5Non-instrumental (intrinsic) valueMore meaning behind it, not concerned with serving another goal.
- 6Extrinsically valuedValued as a means of achieving something else.
- 7Intrinsically valuedValued for its own sake.
- 8TruthObjective; so whether or not you think a proposition is true, does not make it true or not.
- 9Justified true beliefWhen you know that p, it is no accident that your belief that p is true, it is to your credit that you are right.
- 10JustificationAction of showing something to be right or reasonable.
- 11Gettier caseA case in which the subject has a true and justified belief that p, but does not know that p. The subject's belief fails to be knowledge because their justification turns out to be dependent on a falsehood.
- 12Genuine Gettier caseThe defective justification is a real justification, which happens to be defective (as opposed to something that simply appears to be a justification).
- 13FallibilismIt is possible to know that p on the basis of unsound evidence.
- 14DefeasibleFurther requirement for knowledge such that the justification is not defeated but is nevertheless potentially defeasible.
- 15ReliabilismKnowledge is reliably produced true belief. True beliefs become knowledge when they are produced and sustained by a psychological process that almost always produces true beliefs.
- 16Problem of the criterion for knowledgeIf one doesn't know what knowledge is, then how can one correctly identify cases of knowledge needed in order to define knowledge by considering what is common to cases of knowledge...
- 17MethodismAssume that one knows what the criteria for knowledge are, then proceed to examine whether we have any or not ie whether there are any instances of knowledge.
- 18ParticularismAssume one can correctly identify particular instances of knowledge, then proceed to determine what the criteria for knowledge are.
- 19ExternalismJustification for basic beliefs can be discovered in the world. Test other people's reliable processes to make sure we all acquire the same beliefs in the same circumstances. One has no control over one's epistemic standing, so cannot be held accountable.
- 20InternalismJustification for basic beliefs is internal, can't share your reasoning. One has control, so the agent can be held accountable.
- 21Basic beliefA self-justifying belief.
- 22Doctrine of the supervenienceNormative supervenes on the non-normative.
- 23Epistemic internalismIn order for knowledge, or even justified belief, to arise from some good epistemic principle (subjective epistemic rationality), the subject must know, or at least justifiably believe the, the principle, and know, or at least justifiably believe, that the principle applies.
- 24Critical reflectionHuman ability to put ourselves right when we go wrong.
- 25BasicnessSelf-evidence.
- 26FoundationalismThe theory that beliefs can be justified based on basic beliefs.
- 27Epistemic rationalityForm of rationality aimed at the goal of true belief.
- 28Epistemic normA rule which one follows in order to gain true beliefs.
- 29Deontic (duty-bound/obligated) epistemic rationalityAn agent's belief is epistemically rational as long as the agent does not break any epistemic norms in forming that belief. The epistemic norms can be wrong, as long as the agent is not to blame for this error.
- 30Non-deontic epistemic rationalityThe epistemic norms employed must be the right ones.
- 31Virtue epistemologyDefines knowledge in terms of the epistemic virtues (acquired character traits that makes you better suited to gaining the truth eg consciousness, demands reflection on the part of the agent) and cognitive faculties (natural and innate character trait, that doesn't demand any reflection on the part of the agent).
- 32ReasonOriginating source of knowledge; gives us knowledge without knowledge as an input.
- 33IntrospectionTry to discover something by examining our own psychological states (variety of a priori knowledge since it can be undertaken in one's armchair).
- 34ValidityAn argument is valid if the truth of the premises entails the truth of the conclusion.
- 35SoundnessAn argument can have false premises but still be valid, however must have true premises to be sound.
- 36Deductive argumentBy having knowledge of the premises in an argument, one can deduce the conclusion, and in doing so gain knowledge of a new proposition (though not always since could be justified in believing a false premise, if told so by a reliable witness; always extends justified belief, not always knowledge).
- 37Inductive argumentInferences are legitimate as long as the sample size is sufficiently large and representative. Unlike deductive arguments where if the premises are true, you can be assured that your conclusion is true, in cases of induction, one might know the premise but lack knowledge of the conclusion because it was false eg something unobserved that would make the conclusion false.
- 38AbductionAn argument that proceeds from a single observed phenomenon, to the best explanation of that phenomenon.
- 39EvaluationsProposition neither true nor false; asserts that p and not-p.
- 40PrescriptionsNo proposition asserted, since neither p nor not-p, instead a kind of command.
- 41CognitivismComes from knowledge. We can know moral qualities, know that they exist. Want rules.
- 42Non-cognitivismFeelings and emotions. Norms are something you get out of your feelings on a situation.
- 43Strong version of objectivismAlways possible that what you believe about the world could be false. The truth of the matter according to what the world is like can outstrip our best formed judgement.
- 44Weak version of objectivismWhat we believe about the world right now could be false. The truth of the matter according to what the world is like cannot ultimately outstrip our best formed judgement.
- 45Anti-realistsThe truth is just our best opinion, whatever we discover at the end of inquiry is the truth.
- 46RealistsOur best opinion of the truth can always be wrong.
- 47RelativistsWhat you think is true is true. Means that two opposing views can be true at the same time (self-undermining).
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- EPISTEMOLOGY Flashcards on EPISTEMOLOGY DEFINITIONS, created by Lizzie Sykes on 19/05/2017.
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