Flashcards
Language Development
Cards in this deck (39)
- 1Humans use language in a productive wayThe basic components of language can be combined to produce and comprehend an infinite number of meaningful utterances
- 2ComprehensionUnderstanding the communicative acts of other people
- 3Using a language involves...Comprehension & production
- 4ProductionSpeaking or signing to communicate with others
- 5Comprehension precedes productionChildren understand language sounds, words and sentences before they can use them to communicate
- 6PhonologyThe sounds used by the speakers of a language
- 7PhonemesThe fundamental units of sound within a language, and affect the meaning of a word
- 8SemanticsThe meaning of words and utterances
- 9MorphemeThe smallest unit of meaning in a language
- 10GrammarThe rules that specify the acceptable ways for organising the units of a langue and combining them into larger units
- 11SyntaxThe rules that govern acceptable word order within a language
- 12InflectionsMorphemes that can be added to certain words that modify their meanings e.g. s or ed
- 13InnotationThe use of tone to alter meaning, such as a rising tone at the end of a sentence indicating a question
- 14PragmaticsThe cultural conventions that govern how language should be used in a given social situation
- 15LateralisationLeft-hemisphere = listening to speech
Right hemisphere = listening to non-speech sounds - 16Broca's aphasiaA condition characterised by dysfluent and halting speech that is often lacking in grammatical structure and inflections
- 17Sensitive (critical) periodA hypothesised period in early childhood during which people must be exposed to language to acquire it
- 18'Less is more' hypothesisA theory of language acquisition that suggests that the perceptual and information-processing limitations of young children actually help them to learn language
- 19Chomsky's concept: universal grammarChomsky's concept of a set of abstract, unconscious rules that all human beings are presumed to have regardless of the language that they speak
- 20Language acquisition device (LAD)A hypothetical innate mechanism for language learning which was proposed by Chomsky
- 21Biological mechanisms form an independent language MODULEA linguistic or cognitive system that is designed for a specific purpose and which functions independently from other cognitive systems
- 22Statistical learningAn approach to language acquisition that focuses on how children exploit the statistical regularities within spoken languages in order to learn aspects of phonology, syntax and semantics
- 23PThe characteristic rhythm, tempo and intonation patterns of a spoken language - foetuses & newborns show preference for their mother's voice and language
- 24Categorical perceptionThe ability to discriminate between categories of different phonemes and recognise when two sounds belong to the same phonemic category - shown by infants
- 25Vocabulary explosionA period from around 18 months to 6 years of age, marked by the rapid growth in spoken vocabulary
- 26OverextensionThe erroneous application of a label to a variety of similar object's in a child's environment e.g. call every bird a duck
- 27UnderextensionAn overly narrow use of a label to apply to specific members of a category when it should apply to the whole category
- 28HolophrasesSingle words used to express the ideas of a complete phrase or sentence
- 29Telegraphic speechSpeech characterised by the use of short sentences and phrases that omit function words
- 30Fast mappingThe process whereby children begin to understand the meaning of a new word after hearing it only once - from age 3 onwards
- 31By the time they start school...Children have learnt the meaning of 10,000 words
- 32ConstraintsGeneral rules or heuristics that simplify the process of word learning by ruling out inappropriate meanings and pointing children in the direction of the correct meaning
- 33Syntactic bootstrappingA process where children use the grammatical structure of the sentence to infer the meaning of a novel word
- 34Overregularisation errorsThe incorrect application of general rules to irregular words
- 35Semantic bootstrappingA process where children analyse the syntactic structure of a sentence according to basic concepts derived from prior knowledge
- 36ExpansionThe act of repeating a sentence that has just been spoken by a child in a more correct or complete form
- 37RecastRephrasing and repeating the content of a child's sentence but with a slightly different structure
- 38Collective monologuesThe way that young children often begin to converse with their peers. The children take turns to speak, but they each focus on quite different themes and topics, and take little notice of the listener's responses or actions.
- 39Comprehension monitoringEvaluating the clarity and quality of a spoken message and knowing when it is appropriate to ask for clarification if a spoken message is unclear
Information
- Description
- Psychology Flashcards on Language Development , created by Heather Clark on 28/05/2017.
- Created by
- Heather Clark
- Views
- 2
- Rating