Flashcards
attachment PSYCHOLOGY UNIT A2
Cards in this deck (25)
- 1caregiver-infant interactions - reciprocity-infants coordinated their actions with caregivers in a conversation type (Jaffer et al 1973)
-regularity of an infants signals allows a caregiver to anticipate the infants behaviour and respond appropriately
-foundation for attachment - 2caregiver-infant interactions - interactional synchrony-infants as young as 2/3 weeks imitated specific facial and hand gestures
-Meltzoff and Moore (1977) conducted first study of this
-observed association between adult model facial expressions and baby's response - 3caregiver-infant interactions - real of pseudo imitation-Melzoff and Moore suggested imitation is intentional
-others suggests anything before 1 year is response training
-infant is rewarded by operant conditioning - 4stages of attachment - (1) indiscriminate attachment-birth until 2 months
-similar response to all objects
-reciprocity and interactional synchrony play a role in establishing relationships - 5stages of attachment - (2) the beginnings of attachment-age 4 months to 7 months
-become more social, preferring human company
-still easily comforted by anyone
-do not yet show stranger anxiety - 6stages of attachment - (3) discriminate attachment-7 months+
-shows separation anxiety from particular people
-forms specific attachment to one person, primary attachment figure
-stranger anxiety - 7stages of attachment - (4) multiple attachments-soon after main attachment is formed
-develop wider circle of multiple attachments
-secondary attachments usually formed with other parents
-display separation anxiety in secondary attachments too - 8Ainsworth's strange situation : procedure-8 episodes
-parents and infants play, parent sits while infant plays, stranger enters talks to parent, parent leaves, parent returns and stranger leaves, infants alone, stranger enters and comforts child, parent returns
-all designed to test separation anxiety, reunion behaviour and stranger anxiety
-typically observed through one way mirror or video recording
-record every 15 seconds using behavioural categories - 9Ainsworth's strange situation : findings-found 3 main behaviour pattern
-secure attachment, insecure-avoidant and insecure-resistant
-total of 106 middle class infants - 10Ainsworth strange situation : secure attachment-type B
-willingness to explore
-moderate stranger anxiety
-low separation anxiety
-66% of infants in this category - 11Ainsworth strange situation : insecure avoidant-type A
-low stranger anxiety
-indifferent separation anxiety
-22% of infants in this category - 12Ainsworth strange situation : insecure-resistant-type C
-stranger anxiety high
-distressed separation anxiety
-12% of infants in this category - 13cultural variations - Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988)-meta analysis of 32 attachment studies
-2,000 strange situations
-found secure attachment most common
-insecure-avoidant second most common except in Israel and Japan (collectivist)
-1.5x more variation between cultures than within them - 14variations in attachment - cultural similarities (Tronick et al 1992)-Tronick et al (1992) studied an African tribe
-infants were looked after and breastfed by different women
-usually slept with their own mothers
-at six months still showed one primary attachment despite this - 15variations in attachment - cultural differences (Grossman and Grossman 1991) & (Takahashi 1990)-Grossman found that German infants tended to be classified as insecurely rather than securely attached
-Takahashi studied 60 middle class Japanese infants in strange situation, found similar secure rates but NO insecure-avoidant
-cultural variation may be due to diff culture childcare, Japanese infants rarely experience separation from mothers - 16Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation - value of maternal care-Bowlby believed infants needed 'warm, intimate and continuous relationship with a mother or substitute
-in order to ensure good mental health
-contrary to belief only food and physical care was needed - 17Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation - critical period-separations will only leave a child 'disturbed' if they happen within the critical period
-up to age 2 and a half years
-Bowlby felt continuous risk up to 5 years
-deprivation has potential to cause long term harm e.g. depression and emotional maladjustment - 18Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation - 44 juvenile thieves (Bowlby)-studied 88 children in London clinic
-half had been caught stealing and other half were a control group
-thieves group lacked normal affection
-found 12/14 thieves had experienced frequent EARLY separation from mothers
-almost none of control group had
-links early separation with affectionless psychopathology - 19Romanian orphan studies - Rutter and Sonuga-Barke (2010) procedure-165 Romanian orphans who suffered instituationalisation
-111 adopted before aged 2
-54 before aged 4
-tested at regular intervals to assess cognitive, physical and emotional development
-compared to 52 British children adopted in UK before 6 months - 20Romanian orphan studies - Rutter and Sonuga-Barke (2010) findings-time of adoption, Romanian's lagged behind British on all measures
-smaller, weighed less, classified as mentally retarded
-by aged 4 some caught up
-true for almost all Romanians adopted before 6 months
-many adopted after 6 months show dis inhibited attachments and problems in relationships - 21other studies of Romanian orphans - Le Mare and Audet (2006)-longitudinal study of 36 Romanian orphans adopted into Canadian families
-DV being physical growth and health
-adopted orphans physically smaller aged 4 than control group
-difference between DV gone by aged 10
-shows recovery from effects of institutions - 22Romanian orphan studies - effects of institutionalisation-physical underdevelopment, usually smaller in general
-intellectual underfunctioning,
-disinhibited attachment, form of insecure attachment
-poor parenting, e.g. harlow's monkeys - 23influence of early attachment - role of the internal working model-suggests infant learns about a relationship from experience
-use this to predict how any future relationships happen
-e.g. those observing good parent relationship use this as a model - 24influence of early attachment - Hazan and Shaver (1987) 'Love Quiz'-questionnaire addressing attitudes towards love
-analysed 620 responses from men and women
-found 56% secure, 25% avoidant, 19% resistant
-positive correlation between attachment type and love experiences
-secure attachments also had more time-enduring relationships
-secure tended to have positive internal working model - 25influence of early attachment - behaviours influenced by the internal working model-childhood friendships, secure att had most social competence later in childhood
-poor parenting, lack of internal working model means individuals lack reference point to form own child relationships
-romantic relationships, love quiz shows secure attachment had generally better relationships
-mental health, lack of attachment in critical period = lack of internal working model, attachment disorder is associated and become a psychiatric condition
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- A level Psychology Flashcards on attachment PSYCHOLOGY UNIT A2, created by Ellen Downey on 30/05/2017.
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