Flashcards
5&6
Cards in this deck (29)
- 1What is implicit/non-declarative LTM?- Recalling a movement/sequence
- Unconscious memory; can demonstrate knowledge but cannot explicitly retrieve the information - 2What is explicit/declarative LTM?- Recount what one know, with details of time, place, etc
- Conscious memory; can retrieve knowledge and know it's correct. - 3What is procedural memory in implicit memory?Skills and how to perform certain actions. Learning occurs gradually and slowly, and is often assessed in the lab through serial reaction time tasks.
- 4What is priming in implicit memory?Processing a stimulus is influenced by prior encounters with the same/related stimuli, which usually occurs rapidly - repetition suppression effect.
- 5What is the difference between implicit/explicit when encoding memories?- Implicit information process bottom-up/data driven
- Explicit information process top-down/conceptually driven - 6What is the difference between implicit/explicit when retrieving memories?The same item can be retrieved in different ways, and you can also get different results depending on how you retrieve from memory. EX- conscious recollection of experience. IM- based more on familiarity, not aware memory is being used
- 7What is amnesia, and what causes it?Loss of memory, or 'without memory', and can be caused by a magnitude of different things, such as Parkinson's, viruses that affect the brain, physical accidents etc.
- 8What did Lashely find when performing lesions on rats?The severity of the memory disturbance was related to the size of the injury, rather than to its location
- 9Why did Scoville performe a bilateral medial-temporal-lobe resection on H.M.?His seizures originated in the region that induces the amygdala, hippocampal formation and associated subcortical structures, so he removed them bilaterally.
- 10What happened to H.M. after the surgery?Disconnecting explicit memory. Had bad amnesia and couldn't recall anything that happened after the surgery (explicit memory). Had an above average IQ, could recall events from childhood and intact implicit memory.
- 11What are the prime neural structures for explicit memory?- Medial temporal region; hippocampus, amygdala, perirhinal cortex
- Frontal cortex; dorsolateral and ventrolateral
- Reciprocal connections between frontal and temporal brain regions. - 12Describe the case of patient J.K.Developed Parkinson's, and then memory problems due to basal ganglia damage. Impaired implicit memory with intact explicit memory.
- 13According to Mishkin et al, what is the circuit for implicit memory?Basal ganglia, ventral thalamus, substantia nigra, premotor cortex.
- 14What is the decay theory of forgetting?The fading of memory trace; how much remembered depends on time elapsed.
- 15What is the interference theory of forgetting?Memory traces are disrupted or obscured by other material. More interpolated events lead to more forgetting.
- 16What is memory consolidation?A process lasting several hours, days or even years, which fixes information in LTM
- 17How does the forgetting curve support memory consolidation?Memory traces are most vulnerable shortly after learning
- 18How does cognitive neuroscience support memory consolidation?1- Temporary stage in hippocampus, which is necessary to create memory trace, but not for consolidated memories
2- Then transfer to cortex, involvement of distributed involvement of several areas. - 19What is anterograde and retrograde amnesia?E.g. H.M. had no new memories after the surgery (anterograde amnesia) and for a short period before the surgery (retrograde amnesia)
- 20What causes retrograde amnesia?Seems to be due to problems with consolidation, a period when memories for an event that have already happened are not yet permanently established in the cortex.
- 21What is the relationship between sleep and memory consolidation?sleep helps! Fewer memories formed in this time leads to less disruption of the consolidation process, so it 'makes it stick'.
- 22Define dementia.A neurological disorder caused by cell death; general loss of function, is progressive, irreversible and results in death, with memory loss and effects on language functioning as hallmarks.
- 23What are the key diagnostic criteria for dementia?Memory impairment, impairment in social behaviour and either aphasia, apraxia, agnosia or abstract thinking/EF impairments. Also not explainable by another disorder.
- 24What are the 2 types of dementia?1- Degenerative dementias are presumed to have a degree of genetic cause, such as cortical and subcortical.
2 - Nondegeneratie dementia's are a heterogenous group of disorders with diverse origin, e.g. chronic drug abuse. - 25What is are the anatomical correlations between cortical degeneration and Alzheimer's?The entorhinal cortex, the link between neocortex and hippocampus, shows the clearest evidence for cell loss. Affected ares are the limbic cortex, inferior and temporal cortex and posterior parietal cortex.
- 26In explicit memory, what is semantic memory?A person's knowledge about the world, facts, cognitive skills. A general knowledge store that involves retrieval without conscious recollection of where/when it was learned.
- 27In explicit memory, what is episodic memory?A recollection of where and when events happened in one's life - content and context. It is attached to a specific time, and tied to a specific episode.
- 28What is semantic dementia?Degeneration affecting the anterior temporal lobe, thus as specific type of fronto-temperal dementia. Impaired semantic bu intact autobiographical memory.
- 29Double dissociation for episodic and semantic?Patient K.C. had a head injury resulting in impairments in episodic but not semantic. e.g. couldn't relate photographs to life events, but could identify those in them. Strong evidence that they are independent memory types.
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- Psychology (Memory and language ) Flashcards on 5&6, created by Craig Wilkinson on 31/05/2017.
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- Craig Wilkinson
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