Flashcards
Attachment Eval Flash cards
Cards in this deck (60)
- 1Mnemonic for Caregiver-Infant Interactions?Kick an Infertile Man
- 2What does this stand for?Koepke, Abravenel and DeYoung, Isabella, Meltzoff
- 3What Did Koepke say?failed to replicate Meltzoff & Moore (1977) findings suggesting original research may be unreliable; Findings into interactional synchrony are not certain and may not occur as originally outlined by Meltzoff & Moore (1977)
- 4What did Abravenel + DeYoung Say?observed infants interacting with 2 objects, one stimulating tongue movement other mouth opening/closing; infants 5-12 weeks made little response to objects, suggesting
infants do not imitate anything they see & only respond to specific social responses - 5What did Isabella Say?more strongly attached infant caregiver pairs show greater interactional synchrony; shows children will respond to adults differently depending on the nature of the attachment. means that not all children will demonstrate interactional synchrony and that the results of previous research may be unreliable.
- 6What Did Meltzoff say?developed 'like me' hypothesis - explains how infants acquire understanding of what others are thinking & feeling. shows how interactional synchrony might help children understand internal mental states of others, fundamental in developing social relationships.
- 7Mnemonic For The Development Of Attachments?Big Roads Steer South
- 8What does this Stand For?Bias, Rutter, Sagi, Stage Theories
- 9Bias?sample was all from working class area in glasgow in 60s; may not represent any other social groups or areas and not apply today. may lack population & temporal validity.
- 10What did Rutter Say?all attachment figures are equivalent & integrated to produce infants overall
attachment type; suggests Schaffer & Emerson undervalued secondary attachments & their role in development of different attachment types - 11What did Sagi Say?infants raised in family based arrangements (individualistic) were x2
close to mums compared to those raised in communal environments ( collectivist). suggests attachments are culturally specific (Schaffer & Emersons stages only applicable to individualist cultures) - 12Stage Theories?stage theories suggest development occurs in specific sequence; therefore development is inflexible & according to Schaffer & Emerson single attachments come before multiple which in some situations & cultures may not be true. (as stages become a standard which families are judged & maybe classified as abnormal
- 13Mnemonic For animal Studies of Attachment?Get Gold Monkey Guns
- 14What does this stand for?Guiton, Guiton, Monkey Heads, Generalisations
- 15What did Guiton Say?replicated findings with leghorn chicks, exposed to yellow gloves for feeding became imprinted on gloves; shows young animals not born with predisposition to imprint to a specific thing but a moving object within a critical period. this supports findings of lorenz within a different species
- 16What did Guiton Also Say?could reverse imprinting in chickens who initially tried to mate with rubber gloves as after spending time with own species engaged in normal sexual behaviour. shows imprinting is no different from other types of learning and effects are not irreversible as Lorenz proposed
- 17Monkey Heads?the mums varied more than being cloth or wire, the two heads were very different - could be possible that cloth monkey more attractive; this could've acted as confounding variable influencing the results. suggests Harlow lacks internal validity as the two mothers
were not controlled - 18Generalisations?aim of animal research is to generalise to human behaviour, humans are very different to animals especially geese; Harlow's research had been supported by Schaffer & Emerson who found infants do not always attach to the person who feeds. animal research findings should be treated with caution unless replicated in humans
- 19Mnemonic For Explanations of attachment - Learning Theory?Helicopters Enter Dark Breweries
- 20What does this mean?Harlow, Explanatory Power, Drive Theory, Bowlby
- 21What did Harlow Say?showed infant rhesus monkeys most attached to wire monkey that provided contact comfort & not food; learning theory suggests food is a key factor in attachment, while this research suggests its not the most important factor Suggests learning explanation of attachment is oversimplified
- 22Explanatory Power?learning theory says infants do learn through association & reinforcement -
however food may not be most important; its possible parental
attention & responsiveness are important factors in attachment - but basic principles of learning theory are supported - 23Drive Theory?drive theory was popular in 1940s, but many examples of human behaviour that increase discomfort; drive theory was popular in 1940s, but many examples of
human behaviour that increase discomfort.
Outdated - 24What did Bowlby Say?bowlby's theory has many advantages
in comparison to learning theory; e.g. bowlby's theory can explain why attachments form (learning only says how), outlines benefits of attachment (not explained by learning). shows bowlby's theory provides a more complex explanation of attachment - 25Mnemonic For Explanations of Attachment - Bowbly's theory?Really Powerful Super Bass
- 26What does this stand for?Rutter, Prior + Glaser, Sroufe, Belsky + Rovine
- 27What did Rutter say?although critical period is true to an extent infants are still able to form attachments outside this window; researchers now call it 'sensitive period' to show there is possibility infants can form attachments after 6 months.
- 28What did Prior and Glaser Say?a hierarchical model of attachment, which places emphasis on 1 central person higher than others, is more likely than multiple attachments; this central person
has special significance & contributes to healthy emotional development. - 29What did Sroufe Say?longitudinal study from infancy to adolescence & found continuity between early attachments & later emotional/social behaviour. individuals who were securely attached, rated highly for social competence later in childhood, furthermore they were less isolated more popular & empathetic.
- 30what did Belsky and Rovine say?infants between 1-3 days old who had signs of behavioural instability were later judged to be insecurely attached; this suggests infants innate emotional personality may explain their later attachment behaviour. supports the temperament hypothesis & suggests Bowlby's theory may not be complete
- 31Mnemonic For Strange SituationMaintaining A Mote Rules
- 32What Does This Stand For?Main + Soloman, Ainsworth, Main + Weston, Roval
- 33What did Main + Soloman say?analysed over 200 strange
situation video tapes and put forward a fourth attachment type - insecure-disorganised; infants don't conform to Ainsworth's original attachment types, as show very strong attachment behaviour which is followed by avoidant behaviour; Ainsworth's conclusions were too simplistic - 34What did Ainsworth Say?found almost perfect inter-observer reliability of .94, suggesting high agreement among observers in terms of exploratory behaviour; high inter-observer reliability suggests observations can be accepted as reliable & Ainsworth's observations had almost perfect reliability
- 35What did Main + Weston Say?children behave differently in the strange situation depending on which parent they are with; so strange situation may be measuring an infants relationship with a particular parent & not a personal characteristic. strange situation may lack internal validity as the observations may be measuring individual relationships
- 36What Did Roval Say?low correlations between maternal sensitivity and strength of attachment, Slade et al (2005) found a greater role of maternal reflective functioning. reflective functioning is the ability to understand what someone else is thinking; suggests that reflective functioning may be a mechanism in attachment types & not maternal sensitivity
- 37Mnemonic For Cultural VariationVery Voluptuos Rigorous Pigs
- 38What does this Stand For?Van Ijzendoorn + Kroonenberg, Van Ijzendoorn + Sagi, Rothbaum, Posoda + Jacobs
- 39What Did Van Ijzendoorn + Kronenberg say?suggest some cultural similarities may be due to the media & not an innate disposition. media presents ideas about parenting so its possible children globally are exposed to similar parenting as a result of the media not an innate attachment type.
- 40What did Van Ijzendoorn + Sagi say?examined attachment in Tokyo & found similar distribution as in western studies, while more rural samples found + insecure resistant; highlights variation within one country & supports Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg's original claim about more
variation within cultures than between. - 41What Did Rothbaum Say?claims that the attachment theory is rooted in american culture; Rothbaum found Japanese children demonstrate inhibition of emotional expression & preference to group - rather than self-orientated behaviour. suggests high levels of insecure-resistant attachment found in Japanese children may be the result of a cultural bias in attachment theory
- 42What did Posada + Jacobs Say?note that theres a lot of evidence that
supports the underlying principles of attachment; e.g. China, Colombia & Germany all support that maternal sensitivity leads to secure attachment. Therefore, even though expression of maternal sensitivity and behaviours
in securely attached children may vary across cultures, core concepts are same - 43Mnemonic For Bowlby's Theory Of Maternal DeprivationRally Banners Because Running
- 44What does this mean?Radke-Yarrow, Bifulco, Bowlby, Rutter
- 45What did Radke-Yarrow Say?55% of children with severely depressed mothers were insecurely attached, compared to 29% of children with non-depressed mothers; so even though depressed mothers are physically present, they may be unable to provide suitable emotional care, thus depriving their children. Mental = Physical
- 46What did Bifulco Say?women who had experienced maternal separation were more likely to experience
depression or an anxiety disorder, compared to those who had no separation; furthermore, mental health problems were much greater in those who's separation occurred before 6 yrs. - 47What Did Bowlby Say?studied 60 children under the age
of 4 who had TB. they experienced prolonged separation in hospital. When children were assessed in adolescence there were no significant differences in terms of intellectual development; Bowlby suggested that those children who had coped better during their hospitalisation may've been securely attached & more resilient. - 48What Did Rutter Say?claimed Bowlby didn't make definition of deprivation clear enough - whether attachment bond had been broken & or never attached at all. Rutter suggested there is a distinction between privation &
deprivation; matters as there is a key distinction between deprivation & privation, & a lack of clarity may affect validity of research findings - 49What Is Mnemonic For Romanian Orphan Studies?Ramp Looks Dodgy Length
- 50What does this Stand For?Rutter, Longitudinal Studies, Deprivation, Le Mar + Audet
- 51What Did Rutter say?Rutter suggests some children may have got special attention possibly as they smiled more & some form of attachment experience; some children not strongly affected by institutionalisation. suggests findings are not universal & some children can recover from effects of institutionalisation
- 52Longitudinal Studies?longitudinal studies take a lot of time &
planning but the benefits are large; they allow researchers to assess the long term effects & whether they will go away
over time with high quality care. - 53Deprivation?Romanian orphans faced much more than emotional deprivation, physical conditions were appalling which may have also impacted their health. lack of cognitive stimulation may have affected their
cognitive development - 54What did Le Mar + Audet Say?found physical underdevelopment improved by the age of 11. suggests development does continue and they may have not reached their full potential in studies conducted so far. suggests effects may be reversible, ex-institutional children may just need time to recover from negative effects
- 55What is Mnemonic For Influence of Early Attachments?Correlation Relies-On Frail Foxes
- 56What does this stand for?Correlation, Relies on Retrospect, Fraley, Freeney
- 57Correlation?research linking internal working model & later relationships is correlational & causality can't be established. it is possible attachment style & later love styles could be caused by another factor e.g. child's
temperament. this matters as researchers are unable to determine if the internal working model influences later relationships, as there may be confounding variables causing the differences found - 58Rely on retrospect?Hazan & Shaver rely on self report methods to find out about adults early lives in order to assess infant attachment; Such recollections may be flawed because our memories of the past are not always accurate & the participants may lie; this matters as research findings may not be valid & therefore longitudinal studies may provide a more accurate representation of early attachment influences
- 59Fraley?reviewed 27 samples where people assessed in infancy & 20 yrs later found correlations from .50 to .10; suggests attachment types aren't very stable. matters as correlational research does not show case & effect & low correlations
indicate the relationship found is weak - 60Freeney?suggests adult attachment patterns may be properties of relationships, rather
than indivudal; e.g. possible that adult secure relationships cause the adult attachment type. matters because its possible another explanation can account for the findings of early attachment research & early theories may be incorrect
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- A level Psychology (Psychology Exam 1) Flashcards on Attachment Eval Flash cards, created by Connor Hargrave on 07/06/2017.
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