7: Motives and Goals

7: Motives and Goals

1. Psychoanalytic View

   • Freud
     • The Unconscious
       • Makes of most of the shit going on
         • Topographical Model of Consciousness
           • Conscious
             • Preconscious
               • Unconscious
                 • Actively repressed shit
               • Memory essentially
           • Iceberg
     • Repression and Repressors
       • Some evidence that Unconscious processing good
       • Uncomfortable shit stowed away from consciousness
         • Protection from Psychological Harm
       • Repressors repress a lot of shit
       • Shit can lead to RESILIENCE
         • Can be used as coping style
     • The Ego's Defenses
       • The mind has 3 structures, anxiety stems from conflicts between these
         • ID
           • Ego
             • Superego
               • Representation of norms and values, what to do and not to do
               • Moral Anxiety- guilt, regrets of not living up to perfect ideals
             • Mediates Id and external world
             • Adopting the Reality Principle
             • Uses Defense Mechanisms to reduce anxiety
               • Repression
               • Projection
               • Reaction Formation
               • Rationalization
               • Regression
               • Displacement
               • Sublimation
             • Realistic Anxiety- Threat of the outside world
           • Instinctual drives of sex and aggression
           • Driven by the Pleasure Principle
           • Neurotic Anxiety- possibility of uncontrollable release of instinctual energy
     • Four basic propositions:
       • Determinism Drive Conclict Unconscious
     • Sexuality and Aggression main motivators
     • Mind = machine running on Psychic Energy
       • Energy is drawn from Biological Instincts
         • Eros - Life Instincts (Sexuality)
           • Expressed in the Unconscious
             • Dreams, Fantasies, etc.
         • Thanatos - Death Instinct (Aggression)
   • Other Ego-theorists less negative about EGO than Freud was

2. Humanistic View

   • Carl Rogers' Theory
     • Client-Centered Therapy
     • Person must be understood from their Phenomenal Field
       • Person's subjective apprehension of reality
     • People strive to live up to their full potential
       • Person who does this = Fully Functioning Person
         • integrate all aspects of their existence into coherent whole
         • Lives according to Organismic Valuing Process
           • Approach experiences in accord with actualization, avoid or minimize those that are contrary
         • Likely to have received lots of Unconditional Positive Regard
           • Love and acceptance on certain conditions leads to Conditions of Worth
   • Abraham Maslow's Psychology of Being
     • People strive to Self-Actualize - live up to their inner potential
     • Self-Actualization comes after 4 other needs are satisfied
     • Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
       • Physiological Needs
         • Safety Needs
           • Belongingness and Love
             • Esteem Needs
               • Self-Actualization
                 • Self-Actualized people seek Peak-Experiences
                   • Experience seen as a whole, purpose and shit don't matter - fully attended to
   • Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination Theory
     • Some shit is so good doing it is motivating in itself
       • Intrinsically motivating
   • Much more self-determining than behaviourism/psychoanalysis
   • AGENCY
   • Humans Unique

3. Diversity View

   • Henry Murray's Theory of Needs
     • Lives must be understood in context of time
       • Shit may seem insignificant in the moment, but play a major role in the larger picture
       • Time-binding provides direction and purpose
     • Need +
       • Physiological + Psychological
         • Viscerogenic
           • Air Water Sentience
         • Psychogenic
           • Autonomy Achievement Affiliation Dominance Order
         • Can occur simultaneously, some may override others
           • Subsidiary needs operate in service of others
             • Use Aggression to avoid Pain
         • Interacts with Traits
     • Press
       • Situational constraints and opportunities for need expression
         • Alpha Press
           • Objective characteristics of environment
           • Subjective Impression of Alpha Press
         • Beta Press
     • = Thema
   • The TAT and the PSE
     • Developed by Murray
       • Tell a story about this ambiguous picture
         • Identify Hero
           • Consider Hero's motives, trends and feelings - Psychogenic Needs!
             • Forces in Environment - Press
               • Outcomes
                 • Recurrent Need/Press
                   • Interests/Sentiments
   • Achievement Motivation
   • Power Motivation
   • Intimacy Motivation
   • Implicit and Self-Attributed Motives
   • Personalized Goals