Module 31

Module 31

1. Memory- persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage and retrieval of information

   • Encoding-getting information into our brain
     • Storage- retaining that information
       • Retrieval- getting the information back out

2. Parallel Processing- processes things simultaneuously (some of them unconsciously)

   • Serial processing- step-by-step processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving
     • Shallow processing- encoding on a basic level
       • Deep processing- encoding semantically, base on the meaning og words (tends to yield best retention

3. Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin model

   • First record information as fleeting sensory memory
     • Process information into short-term memory (encoded through rehearsal)
       • Information moves into long-term memory
       • George Miller- short term memory: memorize 7(+/-) information bits

4. Working memory- Understanding of short term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory ad visual-spatial information

5. Effortful processing- encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

   • Effortful processing encodes explicit memories: the facts and experiences we can consciously know and declare (declarative memories)
   • Automatic Processing- unconscious encoding of incidental information: space, time, frequency
     • Automatic processing encodes implicit memories (nondeclarative memories), independent of conscious recollection
   • Chunking- organizing items into familiar manageable units
     • Mnemonics- techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
     • Hierarchies- process information of broad concepts then subdivide it.

6. Iconic memory- visual memory that lasts for a few tenths of a second

   • Echoic memory- Auditory memory that can still be recalled within 3-4 seconds after attention is elsewhere

7. Spacing effect- tendency for practice to yield better long term retention than massed study (cramming)

   • Testing effect- enhanced memory after retrieving