Memory

Memory

1. Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) Multi-store Memory Model

2. Short Term Memory

   • Encoding: Conrad (1964) acoustic
     • recall similar sounding and looking letters (similar sounding more difficult to recall)
   • Duration: Peterson & Peterson (1959) 30 secs
     • (consonant trigrams)
   • Capacity: Miller (1956) 7±2 items
     • numbers
   • Forgetting
     • Decay: memory fades away without rehearsal
     • Displacement: new info replaces old info
       • Waugh & Norman (1965) serial probe task

3. Long Term Memory:

   • Capacity: unlimited
   • Duration: unlimited
   • Encoding: mainly semantic
   • procedural, episodic, semantic

4. Retrieval Failure

   • tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
   • retrieval cues
     • Tulving (1983): encoding specificity principle (same cues must be present when learning and retrieving)
   • recall and recognition
   • interference
   • context effects
     • Godden & Baddeley (1975): context dependent (divers)
     • Carter & Cassaday (1998): state dependent (antihistamine)
   • emotional effects
     • Loftus (1979): weapons effect
     • Yerkes Dodson Law: inverted U for anxiety
     • Yuille & Cutshall (1986): real life shooting (accurate recall so opposes Loftus 1979)
   • inference
     • Loftus (1975)
       • smashed vs hit
       • 'did you see any broken glass?'