Inflammation

Inflammation

1. what is inflammation? Inflammation is an adaptive response to injury which brings fluid, dissolved substances and blood cells into the interstitial tissues where the invasion or damage has occurred.

   • purpose of inflammation? to quickly neutralise the injurious agent to stop further cell damage whilst also cleaning u the tissue site to enable completion of the healing process.
   • 1-Vasodilation: Damaged tissues release histamines, increasing blood flow to the injured area. Increased tissue perfusion produces redness and warmth as more RBC pass through the tissue which carries heat from the bodies core to the peripheries.
     • hyperaemia (excess blood)
       • erythema
       • heat
     • 2-Vascular permeability: ENDOTHELIAL CELLS BECOME "LEAKY" FROM EITHER DIRECT ENDOTHELIAL CELL INJURY OR VIA CHEMICAL MEDIATORS. (histamine often causes capiliries to leak)
       • oedema
         • causes loss of function
       • 3-exudation: FLUID, PROTEINS, RED BLOOD CELLS, AND WHITE BLOOD CELLS ESCAPE FROM THE INTRAVASCULAR SPACE AS A RESULT OF INCREASED OSMOTIC PRESSURE EXTRAVASCULARLY AND INCREASED HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE INTRAVASCULARLY
         • 4-VASCULAR STASIS: SLOWING OF THE BLOOD IN THE BLOODSTREAM WITH VASODILATION AND FLUID EXUDATION TO ALLOW CHEMICAL MEDIATORS AND INFLAMMATORY CELLS TO COLLECT AND RESPOND TO THE STIMULUS. Phagocytes engulf bacteria, dead cells and cellular debris. Platelets move out of the capillary to seal the wounded area.
           • macrophages (wbc) release interleukin 1 which causes
             • synthesis of prostaglandins
               • fever is produced
             • localised clotting
         • neutrophills/wbc=pus
     • histamines cause pain

2. areas in the body it occurs: Appendicitis – inflammation of the appendix Bursitis – inflammation of a small sac of fluid (bursa) near a joint Cellulitis – inflammation of soft tissue under the skin Dermatitis – inflammation of the skin  Endocarditis – inflammation of the inner lining of the heart  Epiglottitis – inflammation of the epiglottis  Gastritis – inflammation of the stomach  Hepatitis – inflammation of the liver  Myositis - inflammation of muscle  Nephritis - inflammation of the kidney  Osteomyelitis - inflammation of bone and bone marrow  Otitis - inflammation of the ear  Pharyngitis - inflammation of the throat  Thrombophlebitis - inflammation of a vein

   • Examples of disorders which are associated with inflammation: Asthma Autoimmune diseases Celiac disease Glomerulonephritis Inflammatory bowel disease RA
   • • the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation are redness,swelling, pain, heat and loss of function
     • the 3 assessment findings indicative of systemic inflammation... 5 cardinal signs, increase in neutrophills( acute) increase in basophills (chronic)
     • What are the 3 systemic manifestations of inflammation? 1 fever 2 leucocytosis (white cell (leukocyte count) is above the normal range in the blood) 3an increase in levels of circulating plasma proteins

3. caused by.......mechanical injuries such as cuts or surgical incisions -microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses or fungi • - extremes of heat or cold •immunological responses, such as hypersensitivity reactions • -ischaemic damage or trauma, such as a stroke or myocardial infarction

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