memory

memory

1. short and long term memory

   • capacity
     • how much can be held in memory
     • jacobs - remember more digits than letters
     • miller - 7+-2 digits
   • coding
     • information is stored in various forms by senses
     • baddeley - acoustic similar, acoustic dissimilar, semantic similar, semantic dissimilar
   • duration
     • how long memory lasts
     • bahrick - 90% accuracy after 14 years
   • episodic, procedural, semantic

2. multistore model of memory - atkinson & shiffrin

   • sensory register
     • specific coding
     • brief duration
     • high capacity
     • transfers to STM by attention
   • STM
     • acoustic coding
     • limited duration and capacity
     • transfers to LTM by rehearsal
   • LTM
     • semantic coding
     • unlimited duration and capacity
     • retrieved from STM
   • strengths - serial position curve, HM
   • limitations - KF, linear

3. working memory model - baddeley & hitch

   • central executive
     • manages slave systems
     • process any senses
     • limited storage
   • phonological loop
     • phonological store (inner ear)
     • articulatory control system (inner voice)
   • episodic buffer
     • integrates all info from CE and LTM
     • limited capacity
   • strengths - KF
   • limitations - too vague

4. interference theory

   • proactive
     • old disrupts new
   • info is similar
   • retroactive
     • new disrupts old
   • strengths - baddeley & hitch - remembered new player names, schmidt et al - moving house and street names
   • limitations - only explains when similar, doesn't explain cog processes

5. retrieval failure

   • retrieval cues
   • cue dependent
     • context - external
     • state - internal
   • godden & baddeley - high recall when in the same enviornment
   • goodwin et al - alcohol vs sober recall
   • limitations - low ecological validity, only explains everyday forgetting

6. eyewitness testimony

   • loftus and palmer
     • leading questions about the speed of a car distorted memory
     • post event information - asked if any broken glass
   • conformity effect
     • gabbert et al - 71% mistakenly recall items from post event discussion
   • pickerell and loftus - disney advert, misleading info
   • yuille and cutshall - gun shooting, post event info didn't affect memory
   • scott and johnson - weapon focus effect
   • christanson and hubinette - higher accuracy in recall when victims of robbery
   • yerkes-dodson model - moderate anxiety gives best recall

7. cognitive interview

   • report everything
   • context reinstatement
   • recall in reverse order
   • change perspective
   • developed by gieselman et al
   • fisher - 47% more useful info
   • limitations - time consuming, better for adults, low motivation in control groups