cultural variations

van ijendoorn and kroonenberg
1. procedure
  1. 32 studies of attachment
  2. eight countries
  3. aims
    1. intercultural differences?
      1. in different cultures and countries
    2. intracultural differnces
      1. in the same cultures and countries
2. findings
  1. between cultures = small differences.
    1. except japan and israel
  2. within culture = variation 1.5 times greater.
  3. secure attachment= americas norm
    1. cultural similarities supports the view that attachment is an innate and biological process
3. cultural similarities
  1. tronick et al
    1. african tribe EFE: extended family groups
    2. babies breastfed by several women
      1. sleep with bio mum
        at six months still have one primary attachment
4. cultural differences
  1. grossman&grossman
    1. found that german children children = insecure
      1. culture = interpersonal distance between parents and children
      2. infants dont engage in proximity-seeking behaviors
      3. appear insecure but considered secure in the culture
  2. takahashi
    1. rarely left alone
      1. opposite of g&g
    2. japan
evaluation
1. similarities may not be innately determined.
  1. mass media?
    1. exposed to similar influences
      1. tv programmes
      2. books (on parenting?)
      3. migrants
  2. increasingly global culture
2. nation rather than culture
  1. subcultures
  2. van ijendoorn&sagi
    1. tokyo
      1. urban tokyo = attachment like western studies (usa)
      2. rural tokyo = 'insecure-resistant'
3. cross-cultural research.
  1. imposed etic
    1. designed in one culture and imposed upon another
  2. japanese children may appear insecure by western criteria but secure by japanese standards
    1. the strange situation may lack validity
4. culture bias
  1. rothbaum
    1. method AND theory issues
      1. rooted in american culture
        social and emotionally competent =
        exploration
        independance
        regulate emotion
        BUT
        japan = dependence vs independence.
        collectivist culture

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cultural variations

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