Psychology

Psychology

1. interference

   • Interference theory states that forgetting occurs because memories interfere with and disrupt one another
     • Proactive: When an older memory interferes with a newer one
       • For example When trying to remember your new number, but the older number keeps interfering with it
     • Retroactive: When a newer memory interferes with an older one
       • McGeoch and McDonal(Retroactive Study): -6 grouphs (Synonyms, antonyms, words unrealted to original, nonsense syllables, numbers, no list) had to learn a list of words, then learn another
         • Results: Interference is strongest when memories are similar
           • Evaluation: Lab studies so any extraneous variables can be controlled, increasing validity. However, it's artificial, so may not likely be appicable to real life
       • For Example, calling your ex boy/girlfriend your new boy/girlfrinds name
     • Mainly proposed as an explaination for forgetting in LTM
     • Baddeley and Hitch: Rugby players had to remember names of teams they've played so far in the season in order
       • Results: Recall was easier for players who hadn't played games in the meantime, showing that accurate recall didn't depend on how long ago matches took place, but how many were played

2. Retrieval Faliure

   • The material is there in LTM, but it's not accessible. this could be due to lack of cues
   • Encoding Specificity principle (Tulving): memory is improved when cues at encoding is also available at retrieval
   • 2 examples
     • Godden and Baddeley: Context dependent
       • Results: context cues provided by physical enviroment does improve recall
     • Carter and Cassaday: state dependent
       • Results: Participants decreased in accuracy of recall when the participant's original state didn't match their state during encoding and retrieval
   • Evaluation: A wide range of studies supports retrival faliure explanation for forgetting. However, the context is related to the kind of memory being tested: Recall or Recognition

3. KeyWords

   • Internal Validity: Wether you are testing what you set out to test
   • External Validity: Wether the study can be genralized to other situations, people etc.
   • Ethics: Set guidelines needed to be followed for study to be ethical e.g. informed consent, harm, privacy
   • Demand Characteristics: Participants finds out whats happening and changes behaviour to do better
   • Application to real life: study is realistic. if artificiall, probably not
   • Individual differences: every person is different and reacts differently
   • Extraneous varibale: any other factor, other then I.V. that effects D.V. if not controlled
   • standardisation: Using same procedures and instructions for all participants

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