MID-TUDOR CRISIS FOREIGN POLICY

MID-TUDOR CRISIS FOREIGN POLICY

1. Edward

   • Northumberland
     • reduced expenditure
       • ended wars with Scotland & France
         • handed back Boulogne & disarmed forts
   • Somerset
     • aggressive approach
       • reassert claim to Scottish throne
         • defeat in battle
           • won battle of pinkie sept 1547
         • build forts in border region
           • expensive and difficult to maintain
           • did not block the firth of forth
             • french gained control of MQoS
         • force into submission
     • assessment
       • disaster
         • unaffordable campaign
         • failed to marry Edward to MQoS

2. Mary

   • aims
     • relationship with Rome
     • marry Philip (heir) to spanish throne)
   • couldn't be neutral in Franco-spanish war
     • declared war on France 1557 after Scarborough invasion
       • promising start
         • successful siege at St Quentin
         • however
           • humiliating loss of calais in 1558
   • effectively at war with papacy
   • naval & military reform
     • reorganisation of navy administration
       • 6 ships built
       • £14,000 a year allocated
     • raising troops
       • landmark in military organisation

3. Elizabeth

   • treaty of cateau-cambresis 1559
     • ended ongoing war with France
     • France keep calais for 8 years
       • returned if England kept peace
   • Scotland
     • MQoS became queen of France 1559
       • main catholic claimant to English throne
     • French troops garrisoned Scottish fortresses
       • alarmed protestants in scotland
         • John Knox: looked for help from England
           • reluctant to help as set precedent for foreign rulers to help depose a legitimate ruler
             • however William Cecil= keen to intervene
     • began sending money and armaments
       • dec 1559 sent navy to block firth of forth
         • treaty of Berwick feb 1560: Scottish protestants would receive help from Elizabeth
           • blocked Leith
             • failed but other circumstances forced French to withdraw
               • ere fore Cecil could secure favourable terms in July 1560 treaty of Edinburgh
   • France
     • 1562 conflict between catholics and protestants in France
       • opportunity to intervene
     • sent Hugenots men & money
     • rebellion failed
       • treaty of Troyes 1564
         • lost calais forever