Memory

Memory

1. Coding, Capacity and Duration of Memory

   • Research on coding
     • Baddely
   • Capacity
     • Digit Span
       • (Jacobs) 9.3 digits, 7.3 letters
     • Span of memory / chunking
       • (Miller) 7+/-2
       • Chunking extends STM capacity
   • Duration
     • STM
       • (P+P) up to 18s w/o rehearsal
     • LTM
       • (Bahrick et al): Recognition of faces 90% after 15 yrs, dropped to 70% after 48

2. Multi-store Model of Memory

   • Sensory Register
     • Iconic / echoic stores
     • Brief duration, high capacity
       • Transfer by attention
   • STM
     • Limited capacity / duration store
     • Mainly acoustic
       • Transfer by rehearsal
   • LTM
     • Unlimited capacity / duration
     • Permanent store, mainly semantic
     • Created through maintainance rehearsal

3. Types of Long-Term Memory

   • Episodic
     • Events ('diary')
   • Semantic
     • Knowledge of the world inc language
   • Procedural
     • Automatic, often skilled behaviours

4. Working Memory Model

   • Central Executive
     • Co-ordinates slave systems, allocates resources
     • V limited storage
   • Phonological Loop
     • Auditory info
       • Phonological store
       • Articulatory process
   • Visuo-spatial Sketchpad
     • Visual info
       • Visual Cache
       • Inner Scribe
   • Episodic Buffer
     • Processing slave systems, records order of events, linked to STM

5. Forgetting

   • Interference
     • Proactive
       • Old memories disrupt new ones
     • Retroactive
       • New memories disrupt old ones
   • Retrieval Failure
     • Encoding Specificity Principle
       • Tulving
         • cues most effective if present at coding and retrieval
         • May be a meaningful link
     • Context-Dependant Forgeting
       • Godden and Baddely
         • Recall much better when external contexts matched
     • State-Dependant Failure
       • Carter and Cassidy
         • Recall better when internal states matched

6. Eyewitness Testimony

   • Misleading information
     • Leading Questions
       • Loftus and Palmer
         • Estimates affected by leading question
       • Gabbert et al
         • Memory conformity
     • Post Event Discussion
   • Anxiety
     • Negative effects
       • Johnson and Scott (weapon focused)
         • High anxiety led to poorer recall
     • Positive effects
       • Yuille and Cutshall (shooting)
         • High anxiety - better recall when witnessing a real crime
     • Contradictory findings
       • Yerkes-Dodson law
         • Both low and high anxiety has a poor effect on recall
   • Cognitive Interview
     • Report Everything
     • Reinstate the Context
     • Reverse the order
     • Change Perspective
     • Enhanced Cognitive Interview