JCH10 Notes

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KEYWORDS

Reformation - A movement of change in Christian beliefs and practices n the 16th Century

Reformer - A person who makes changes to something in order to improve it. e.g. Martin Luther

Heretic - A person with a different view to church teaching

Indulgences - It was believed that if you prayed for a person who died it would shorten the time they would spend in purgatory

Tithe - A 10% tax paid to the church

Pluralism - Priest/Bishop holding more than one church/parish position at the same time.

Absenteeism - A priest/Bishop not living in the place they’re supposed to be serving.

Nepotism - Appointing unqualifies family relatives for church positions.

Simony - Buying and selling of positions within the church, in return accepted bribes

WHAT WAS THE REFORMATION?

A movement of change in Christian beliefs and practices n the 16th Century

A split in the Christian church caused by differences in opinion or belief.

These changes led to division among Christians led to the development of a new division of the Christian church called Protestantism- from the word ‘protest’.

CAUSES OF THE REFORMATION

Acronym: WAPI

WEALTH and power of the Catholic Church - Kings and Princes wanted this wealth to build up their countries and people were jealous of their wealth.

The church received money in a number of ways:

Medieval people gave money to priests and nuns to pray for them because the people were anxious to get to heaven

Taxes were paid TITHE to the Pope and bishops by the Christians

● ABUSES of the Catholic Church

Acronym: PAINS

PLURLISM - Priest holding more than one church/parish position at the same time.

ABSENTEEISM - A priest not living in the place they’re supposed to be serving.

Sale of INDULGENCES - The selling of special prayers claimed to reduce the time in purgatory. It took advantage of people’s belief in heaven, purgatory and hell. The church often accepted a donation (tithe) for a certificate stating that people could enter heaven more quickly.

NEPOTISM - Appointing unqualifies family relatives for church positions.

SIMONY - Buying and selling of positions within the church, in return they accepted bribes

● PRINTING PRESS- By distributing pamphlets and books, criticism of the Catholic Church could spread quickly

● INFLUENCE of the Renaissance - Encouraged people to question old beliefs and seek a better way of life. Many criticised the church and said that it was not following what was written in the Bible

REFORMER – Martin Luther/ A Catholic monk whose writings sparked the Reformation.

Timeline of Luther’s life

1483 Martin Luther born

1505 Luther joined the priesthood

1511 Luther began lecturing at Wittenberg University

1517 The 95 Theses published 1518 Luther before Cardinal Cajetan in Augsburg

1519 Luther before John Eck in Leipzig

1521 Luther excommunicated by Pope Leo X The Diet of Worms Luther to Wartburg Castle

1525 Luther married Katherine von Bora

1530 The Confession of Augsburg

1546 Luther died

1555 The Peace of Augsburg

Martin Luther was born in Eislebein Germany in 1483.

He was caught in a storm one day and prayed to St Anne to save him, in return, he became a monk.

Luther was very concerned about saving his soul and getting into heaven.

He studied the Bible closely, and belief that only faith in God would get him into heaven “Justification by faith alone”.

In 1517 John Tetzel came to Wittenberg was selling indulgences for the Pope, some of the money was to be used to build St. Peter’s in Rome.

This angered Luther so he decided to do something in protest.

He wrote the 95 theses or arguments against the church. He nailed to the main church door in Wittenberg.

They were translated into German and printed using the printed press.

The Pope heard of Luther’s protest and he sent a letter called a Papal Bull ordering Luther to stop but he burned the Pope’s letter in public.

The Emperor of Germany got involved and a special meeting took place called the Diet of Worms. Luther spoke at the meeting and absolutely refused to change his views.

Instead of trying to fix or debate the problem, the Church leaders tried to ban Luther from preaching about them.

Luther became convinced that indulgences were just one of many problems and that a total break from the Church was needed.

Prince Frederick of Saxony came to the aid of Luther and he hid Luther in his castle for nearly a full year.

During his time in the castle he translated the old Latin bible into German and he also began to form a new Christian religion.

His new religion was called the Lutheranism

THE COUNTER REFORMATION

Counter-reformation ​refers to the efforts that the Catholic Church made to reform itself and to stop the spread of Protestantism

Counter means oppose / resist or fight

They also tried to improve the Catholic Religion.

THE COUNCIL OF TRENT

A series of meetings between Catholic Bishops and Cardinals that established many Catholic doctrines.

It was responsible for improving the Catholic Church.

Discussed on matters of faith and discipline

They invited Protestants but very few attended.

IGNATIUS LOYOLA AND THE JESUITS

Ignatius of Loyola was the founder of the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits)

The head of the Jesuits was known as the governor-general

Jesuits were members of the Society of Jesus

The Jesuits were influenced by the military because Ignatius of Loyola used to be a soldier

Ignatius of Loyola wrote his beliefs in a book entitled “Spiritual Exercises”

Their aims where:

To spread the faith by missionary work.

To educate the young and the poor.

They set up schools – (500 Jesuit colleges throughout Europe).

They won over people for the Protestant religion in Ireland Germany, Austria, Hungary and Poland.

They protected natives of South America against European exploitation.

St Francis Xavier – The most famous Jesuit missionary. He preached in India, Sri Lanka, Japan and Malaysia.

THE INQUISITION

Medieval Catholic Church court, tried to arrest, try and punish anyone they thought were against church teachings

A person with a different view to church teaching was called a ‘heretic’.

Inquisitions were brutal in all their forms but especially the Spanish Inquisition.

THE RESULTS OF THE REFORMATION

The Catholic church launched the Counter- Reformation to stop the spread of Protestantism.

The Protestant Church was not one united church – it contained different Protestant churches, such as Calvinists and Huguenots.

The Reformation caused a series of religious wars in Europe.

Europe divided on religious grounds.

EUROPE DIVIDED

The Protestant north of Europe and the Catholic south of Europe were divided by 1650. People of minority faiths faced prosecution.

Motivated violence

Declined the power of the pope

WAR OF RELIGION

Countries in Europe fought for decades trying to decide what religion to follow.

Civil wars and wars between countries e.g Spain and Netherlands, Anglo Spanish war and the 30 years war

POWER OF KINGS

Popes had no control over Protestant countries

In those countries all Catholic Church property were seized by the crown

EDUCATION

Protestants wanted everyone to be able to read and understand the Bible.

Catholics believed that people followed reformers because they didn't truly understand the Bible and set up.

ART AND ARCHITECTURE

Catholics still spent lavishly on decorations of their churches. They were Gothic in style and richly decorated Education

Protestants thought decorating the church was wasteful and sinful. They were plain, no statues or stained glass

Protestant churches wanted everyone to read the Bible and for children to attend school

Exam prep

Thesis # 86 Why does not the Pope, whose wealth is greater today that the wealth of the richest Crassus, build this one basilica of St. Peter with his own money rather than with the money of poor believers?

Thesis # 62 The true treasure of the church is the most holy Gospel of the glory and grace of God.

Thesis # 37 Any true Christian, whether living or dead, participates in all the blessings of Christ and the church and this is granted him by God, even without indulgence letters.

Thesis # 27 They preach only human doctrines who say that as soon as the money clinks into the money chest, the soul flies out of purgatory.

Q1. What do you think is the meaning of Thesis 86?

Q2. What do you think thesis 27 is referring to?

Q3. What do you think is the meaning of thesis 37?

Q4. Explain two ways in which the Catholic church tried to stop the spread of the Protestant Religion.

Video Link - Reformation and Martin Luther https://youtu.be/L4sd7Q7rNTM