Population

Population

1. Birth/death rate = number of births/deaths per thousand of the population per year

   • World population increasing exponentially
   • Birth rate > death rate = natural increase
   • Population size of a country also affected by migration

2. The population structure shows gender and age and is recorded in population pyramids

   • No countries: High birth rate (lack of contraception, people have many children as infant mortality is high), high death rate (poor healthcare), no population growth, low life expectancy (population mostly young people)
   • Afghanistan: High birth rate (no contraception, agricultural based so children needed to work on farms), death rate falls (improved healthcare), population growth is very high, life expectancy has increased (stil more young than old)
   • Bangladesh: Birth rate rapidly falling (female emancipation, better education, higher use of contraception, manufacturing based economy), death rate falls (medical advances), population growth is high (more living to be older)
   • USA: Low birth rate (urbanisation, wealth improves, less need for children), death rate low and fluctuating, no population growth, high life expectancy (more living to be older)
   • Germany: Birth rate slowly falling (less money to spend on children due to cost of looking after dependent elderly), death rate low and fluctuating, population growth is negative (more older than younger so when current middle-aged become older there won't be enough people to support them - not sustainable)

3. Impacts of rapid population growth

   • Social: services (e.g. schools) can't cope with numbers so they aren't available to all, children have to work to support large family (not educated), not enough housing (live in large settlements causing health issues), food shortages
   • Economic: unemployment, increased poverty
   • Political: population mostly young people so government policies focus around them (e.g. childcare, education), fewer old people so not a focus on pensions etc, policies to bring population growth under control

4. Ageing population means: People have to pay more taxes and less economic growth (money spent on pensions), healthcare services stretched, people have to spend time looking after elderly relatives (not earning at work), lower pensions

   • To cope: Encourage larger families, encourage immigration of young people, raise retirement age, raise taxes

5. Migration is the movement of people from one area to another

   • Push and pull factors examples: Employment, avoiding prosecution (refugees), poor living conditions, better standard of living, higher wages
   • Positives and negatives for source country (where they leave): Rduced demand on services, labour shortages, skilled labour shortages, ageing population
   • Positives and negatives for receiving country: Increased labour force, higher tax revenue, people competing for jobs (can cause conflict if natives can't find work but immigrants can), increased demand for services, some send money back to source country so isn't spent in receiving country, more diverse culture

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