RM ch 4 + 11 - created from Mind Map

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ethical principles

guideline principles psychologists

APA 10 specific standards/rules

internal validity threat

null effects

respect for participants

beneficence

justice

participant should decide whether or not to participate

participant needs to know what the study is about + risks

some groups (children, intellectually handicapped people, prisoners) should be protected in deciding to participate

researchers should know beforehand: risks?

what could the benefits be?

can't withhold new treatments

balance participants and people who benefit from the study

don't disadvantage one group

respect

beneficence

justice

integrity

loyalty + responsibility

educators: teach accurate things

therapists: stay up to date with empirical evidence

psychologists aren't allowed to have sexual relationships with their students/clients

teachers aren't allowed to have their student as a client

standard 8: researchers

8.01 there should be an institutional review board

8.02 informed consent

8.07 deception

8.08 debriefing

8.10 data fabrication + data falsification

8.11 plagiarism

8.09 taking good care of animals

paper/website on which study objectives, benefits and risks are stated

withholding info/lying

fabrication: entering values that support your hypothesis

falsification: influencing results by leaving some results out/influencing participants

replacement

refinement

reduction

find replacement for animals when possible

least stressful as possible

as few as possible

design confounds

selection effects

order effects

maturation threat

historical threat

regression threats

attrition

test threat

instrumental threat

three big threats for internal validity

change in behaviour over time bc getting better or growing up

changes because something specific happened between pre and post test

extreme results at time point 1 will become less extreme

reduction of participants that takes place before the research is finished

change in participant because they've done the test more than once

when measuring instruments change with time

observer bias

demand characteristics

placebo effects

also construct validity

not enough difference between groups

too much variance within groups

e.g. test that is too hard or too easy

floor effects

ceiling effects

noise/error variance

the more groups overlap, the smaller the effect size

can be caused by measurement error

individual differences

situation noise

within-groups/matched pairs design solution

distractions