Flashcards
Sensing, responding & learning
Cards in this deck (32)
- 1In what ways do reflex behaviours change?1) Response = more/less vigorous; faster/slower
2) Eliciting stimulus = more/less likely to elicit response
3) Response = more/less effectively produce outcome
4) Stimulus = elicit new response - 2What are the possible reasons for changes?1) Bodily injury/muscle fatigue
2) Increase/decreases in physical fitness/strength
3) Internal mood/state/intention
4) Learning - 3Give an example of decline in response vigour that is due to learningAcoustic startle reflex
Repeated elicitation = organism learns to respond less and less - 4What is a key difference between changes produced as a result of learning and those of other factors such as fatigue?Learning produces changes that are relatively permanent
Fatigue wears of quite quickly (forgetting = slow) - 5What is reflex habituation?Learning not to respond to stimulus
Produces reduced responsiveness after repeated elicitation - 6What is the test-retest protocol used for?Standard way to test for learning - e.g. fatigue will have worn of by retest, so retention will be an indication of learning (response vigour is not restored)
- 7What is restoration of vigour (e.g. due to fatigue having worn off) called?Spontaneous recovery
- 8What might partial recovery be an indication of?Reduction in vigour was due to both fatigue and habituation
- 9What are the 2 types of habituation?Long-term - produces effects that last for days/months
Short-term - effects typically last less than an hr - 10How can short-term habituation be distinguished from fatigue effects?Dishabituation
Undoing/reversing of habituation effect by presentation of aversive stimulus
Habituation = undone; fatigue = remains - 11What is reflex sensitisation?Response amplitude = greater after the aversive stimulus than before
Happens without previous habituation - 12What is sensitisation?Opposite of habituation
Responsible for dishabituation
Occurs mainly in defensive/avoidance reflexes - 13What is dual-process theory?Two processes - habituation & sensitisation
(opponent processes)
When an eliciting stimulus is presented, both processes are engaged
Response = which process has larger effect - 14What is homosynaptic depression?Structural changes at cellular level caused by long-term habituation
Reduced number of connections between one neuron and the next
Pruning process - reduction in strength of some synaptic connections - 15What is associative learning?Learning to suppress reflex response that has undesirable consequences
Reflex response is associated with anther thing of significance - 16What is non-associative learning?Habituation/sensitization
- 17What is a conditional response?Conditional stimulus (e.g. bell) comes to elicit a response that didn't exist prior to training
- 18Is the CR always the same as the UR?No - e.g. foot shock on a rat
UR = jump
CR = freeze
e.g. insulin injection on rat
UR = hypoglycemia
CR = hyperglycemia (opposite) - 19Is CS-US pairing necessary for acquiring a CR?No - e.g. inhibitory conditioning (unpaired - if CS then no US)
- 20Will CR be acquired in all situations where CS and US are paired?No - it matters how the CS and US are paired
Backwards and simultaneous conditioning are INEFFECTIVE (as is forward when the delay is too long/short) - 21Does previous conditioning with a particular CS matter?Yes - prior experience of the CS(a)-US relationship blocks subsequent learning of the CS(b)-US relationship when CS(a) is present.
- 22When might a CS be ineffective in a conditioning procedure?If it is familiar (previous experience with stimulus)
- 23What is second-order conditioning?2-stage experiment
Acquired behaviour (CS-CR) from stage 1 is used as the starting behaviour for stage 2 - 24What is temporal anticipation?Feature of anticipatory responses = timing
Need to ensure protection is in place when that thing comes (e.g. eye blink) - 25What is CS-US belongingness in Pavlovian conditioning?Organisms will learn to respond to CS as a result of conditioning if that CS belongs with the US
Animal acquires CRs to the CS that are characteristic of normal response to threat (threat conditioning) - 26What is a classic example of CS-US belongingness?Taste/smell aversion learning
Just one bad experience can be sufficient - 27Why is this aversion not acquired if the same procedure is followed but the CS is auditory/visual/tactile?Taste/smell CS = belong with sickness inducing US (others don't)
Animals are prepared to acquire taste/smell aversions but not other kinds - 28What are 3 implications of Pavlovian conditioning?1) Learned contribution to drug tolerance -> overdoses amongst users
2) Learned taste/smell aversions as a
consequence of clinical treatments
3) Learned suppression and enhancement of immune system function - 29What is the behavioural theory of drug tolerance?Not all tolerance is due to physical - there is also a compensatory response
This can lead to accidental overdoses as in unfamiliar location, CR might not be elicited and same dosage can be dangerous - 30What is ANV?Anticipatory nausea/vomiting
- consequence of chemotherapy that is partly due to Pavlovian conditioning - 31How might conditional immunosuppression be applied in clinical practice?Immunosuppressive drugs only need to be used until learned effect is established
Cost saving - 32What effect might conditional immune suppression/enhancement contribute to?The placebo effect
- a person’s history of medication/treatment can act like a Pavlovian conditioning procedure: treatment/medicine (US) is presented (paired) with a variety of contextual stimuli (CSs), e.g., the therapist/pill/syringe
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- Degree Psychology (Brain & Behaviour) Flashcards on Sensing, responding & learning, created by Rebecca Dunn on 21/05/2018.
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- Rebecca Dunn
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